OE period
Beginning of Roman raids on British Isles
55 BC.
Name a person and a year who brought a printing press to England
1484, William Caxton
name the year of 'The Recuyell of the Histories of Troye' at Bruges
1474
name the categories of old english pronouns
case, number, gender, person
Which was the only personal pronoun form introduced into Early Modern English, and what motivated its introduction?
The only personal pronoun form introduced into Early Modern English was the possessive "its". Its introduction was motivated by animacy—the distinction between personal (animate) and non-personal (inanimate) reference.
First serious Viking incursions
793
Canterbury tales year
1380
name the year when the first english dictionary was published
1607
name old english categories of the adjective
case, number, declension, gender, degrees of comparison
What are kennings?
a poetic figure of speech where a compound word or phrase replaces a common noun, often using metaphor or imagery to evoke a specific feeling or idea
William of Normandy claims that he should be as
successor to the old king; the battle of Hastings
1066
Name the dialects of both old and middle english period
Anglian, Nortumbrian, Mercian, West Saxon, Kentish/ Nothern, East Midland, West Midlan, South-western, South-eastern
the first well-established colonies; the beginning of American
1607
explain what’s Grimm’s Law
Grimm’s Law is a sound shift that explains how certain consonants in Proto-Indo-European (PIE) changed in Proto-Germanic:
• p, t, k → f, θ (th), h
• b, d, g → p, t, k
• bh, dh, gh → b, d, g
Declension VS Conjugation
Declension: Modifies nouns and related words to show their role in a sentence (case, number, etc.). Conjugation: Modifies verbs to show tense, person, and other verb-related information.
Christianity introduced among Anglo-Saxons by St.Augustine
ca. 600
The Hundred Year War against France year and its effect on English language
1337 – 1453, had the effect of branding French as the language of the enemy and the status of English rose as a сonsequence
The King James Bible: name the year and transition this text is based on
1611, Tyndale’s translation
explain what’s Verner’s Law
Verner’s Law explains exceptions to Grimm’s Law.
It says that the voiceless sounds (f, θ, h, etc.) from Grimm’s Law became voiced (b, d, g, etc.) if the PIE stress was not on the preceding syllable
Why was the distinction between the second person singular and plural lost in English?
The distinction was lost due to the generalization of the originally plural form "you" for addressing a single person.
Rise of seven great kingdoms – the year and the name of kingdoms
600-800, Heptarchy
Name phonetic changes in this period
Vowels in unstressed position were reduced, new consonant sounds developed in native words: ship, child, bridge.
the years of Shakespeare’s plays
c. 1590-1612
How did the Scandinavian invasions and settlements in the 9th–11th centuries influence the grammatical structure and vocabulary of Old English, and how did these changes help pave the way for the transition to Middle English?
The Scandinavian invasions (9th–11th centuries) brought Old Norse speakers into contact with Old English. This led to many Norse loanwords (e.g. sky, egg, they) entering English.
What is difference between etymological doublets and hybrid words?
Etymological doublets are words within a language that share the same historical root but have evolved into different forms due to separate borrowing routes or internal changes.
Hybrid words, on the other hand, are created by combining elements from different languages or different parts of a single language, often creating a new word or term.