Chapter 1
Do all Latin American countries have a single history?
No, a single history could not possibly capture the ethnic, geographic, and social diversity of the region.
Why did the Spanish conquerors already have a “crusading mentality” upon arriving to America?
The prolonged Christian reconquest of Iberia shaped their attitudes.
a 20% tax on mining, and the prime source of colonial revenue
What was the “royal fifth”
Napoleon’s invasion of Portugal was the result of
Portugal’s refusal to close its ports and declare war on England.
For Brazil, the first half of eighteenth century was a period marked by... .
conservative continuation from the colonial period
Which three countries in Latin America are characterized by a large population of indigenous people?
Guatemala, Bolivia, and Peru
What did the Inca, Aztec, and Maya have in common?
They had sustainable forms of agriculture.
What is the term that historians use when referring to the new Latin American cultures that resulted from the give-and-take of all those living on the same soil?
transculturation
How did Father Miguel Hidalgo manage to mobilize such a large contingent of indigenous support for his cause?
using the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe, a widely revered icon
What happened during the Caste War of Yucatán?
Maya people rose up with the objective of cleansing their land of all intruders.
Most African slaves traveled to which of the following countries?
Brazil
Brazil’s indigenous forest dwellers
were attacked and enslaved by the Portuguese, many dying in the process
The main racial and cultural mechanism used to organize society hierarchically in colonial Spanish and Portuguese America was
the “caste system
Which two colonies did not declare their independence during the 1800s?
Cuba and Puerto Rico
What were the direct consequences of the wars of independence on the Latin American economy?
International trade passed from the hands of the Peninsulars into the hands of the Creoles.
How do Latin American nationalists feel about foreign influence?
They believe in resisting the influence of outside control.
The Moors occupied the Iberian Peninsula for 800 years. Which of the following was a consequence of this occupation?
Iberia became a multiethnic society.
The concept of honor could lead to which situations?
duels among men
violent punishment of independent-minded women
women having to behave differently than men
The movements for independence in Buenos Aires and Caracas were movements started by ...
well-educated Creole elites (“revolutions from above”).
Right after the wars of independence, what was the most important source of revenue for the new governments in Spanish America?
tariffs
What three countries in Latin America comprised the “Southern Cone”?
Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay
What language did the people of Cuzco (Inca Empire) speak?
Quechua
An example of transculturation?
Spaniard kneeling in front of a representation of the Virgin of Guadalupe
What did the Portuguese Crown do when Napoleon invaded Portugal?
They moved to Brazil
Which of the following statements best describes patronage?
It is a system whereby people in power distribute spoils to friends and family in exchange for their loyalty