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management thoroughly studying and testing different work methods to identify the best, most efficient way to complete a job
Scientific management
A graphical chart that shows which tasks must be completed at which times in order to complete a project or task
Gantt chart
_______ is best known for his role in the Hawthorne Studies at the Western Electric Company. The Hawthorne Studies demonstrated that workers’ feelings and attitudes affect their work, that financial incentives aren’t necessarily the most important motivator for workers, and that group norms and behavior play a critical role in behavior at work.
Elton Mayo
An approach to dealing with conflict in which one party satisfies its desires and objectives at the expense of the other party’s desires and objectives
Domination
Smaller systems that operate within the context of a larger system
Subsystems
When workers deliberately slow their pace or restrict their work output
Soldiering
German sociologist _______ thought that bureaucracy—that is, running organizations on the basis of knowledge, fairness, and logical rules and procedures—would accomplish organizational goals much more efficiently than monarchies and patriarchies, where decisions were based on personal or family connections, personal gain, and arbitrary decision making.
Max Weber
_______, president of New Jersey Bell Telephone, emphasized the critical importance of willing cooperation in organizations. In general, Barnard argued that people will be indifferent to managerial directives or orders if they (1) are understood, (2) are consistent with the purpose of the organization, (3) are compatible with the people’s personal interests, and (4) can actually be carried out by those people. Acceptance of managerial authority (that is, cooperation) is not automatic, however.
Chester Barnard
An approach to dealing with conflict in which both parties give up some of what they want in order to reach agreement on a plan to reduce or settle the conflict
Compromise
When two or more subsystems working together can produce more than they can working apart
Synergy
A group member whose work pace is significantly faster than the normal pace in his or her group
Rate buster
The Frenchman _______, whose ideas were shaped by his more than 20 years of experience as a CEO, is best known for developing five management functions (planning, organizing, coordinating, commanding, and controlling) and 14 principles of management (division of work, authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interests to the general interest, remuneration, centralization, scalar chain, order, equity, stability of tenure of personnel, initiative, and esprit de corps).
Henri Fayol
According to _______, the father of scientific management, managers should follow four scientific management principles. First, study each element of work to determine the one best way to do it. Second, scientifically select, train, teach, and develop workers to reach their full potential. Third, cooperate with employees to ensure that the scientific principles are implemented. Fourth, divide the work and the responsibility equally between management and workers. Above all, he believed these principles could be used to align managers and employees by determining a fair day’s work (what an average worker could produce at a reasonable pace) and a fair day’s pay (what management should pay workers for that effort). He believed that incentives were one of the best ways to align management and employees.
Fredrick W. Taylor
An approach to dealing with conflict in which both parties indicate their preferences and then work together to find an alternative that meets the needs of both
Integrative conflict resolution
Systems that can sustain themselves without interacting with their environments
Closed systems
Breaking each task or job into its separate motions and then eliminating those that are unnecessary or repetitive
Motion Study
The exercise of control on the basis of knowledge, expertise, or experience.
Bureaucracy
_______ are best known for their use of motion studies to simplify work. While Taylor used time study to determine a fair day’s work based on how long it took a “first-class man”to complete each part of his job, he used motion-picture films and microchronometers to conduct motion studies to improve efficiency by eliminating unnecessary or repetitive motions.
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
A system of consciously
coordinated activities or forces created
by two or more people
Organization
Systems that can sustain themselves only by interacting with their environments, on which they depend for their survival
Open systems
Timing how long it takes good workers to complete each part of their jobs
Time study
Unlike most people who view conflict as bad, _________ believed that it should be embraced rather than avoided. Of the three ways of dealing with conflict—domination, compromise, and integration—she argued that the latter was the best because it focuses on developing creative methods for meeting conflicting parties’ needs.
Mary Parker Follett
______ is best known for the Gantt chart, which graphically indicates when a series of tasks must be completed in order to complete a job or project, but he also developed ideas regarding worker training, specifically, that all workers should be trained and their managers should be rewarded for training them.
Henry Gantt
A set of interrelated elements or parts that function as a whole
System
Holds that there are no universal management theories and that the most effective management theory or idea depends on the kinds of problems or situations that managers are facing at a particular time and place
Contingency approach