Treaties
League of Nations
Ruhr Crisis
Locarno
Germany and the USSR
100
Identify which country the Treaty of Trianon concerned, and what percentages of its land and population were given away to other European nations.
Hungary lost 72% of its territory and 60% of its population in the Treaty of Trianon.
100
Identify the two main powers which were excluded from initial membership in the League of Nations.
Germany and the Soviet Union
100
Identify one outcome of the Ruhr Crisis and Dawes Plan.
France was convinced that they could no longer act against Germany without the support of the other European nations.
100
Define the "spirit of Locarno" and list one outcome of its presence.
Refers to the overall feelings of goodwill at the conference; helped bring about the Allied withdrawal from the Rhineland in 1930.
100
What did Germany and the USSR believe was the purpose of the League of Nations?
To preserve the status quo.
200
Identify the treaty which concerned Bulgaria, and list two punishments it included.
The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine restricted Bulgarian armed forces to 20,000 and gave away important territory so that Bulgaria's Mediterranean access was given to Greece and a strategic mountain area was given to Yugoslavia.
200
Explain why the League of Nations was unable to enforce its decisions.
It had no military forces of its own, and so depended on economic sanctions as its primary punishment.
200
What did the Allies request that the US consider as its contribution to the war effort? Did the US agree?
The Allies asked that the US consider its loans to them as its contribution, and not force them to repay the loans. The US refused this request, and stated that the loans must be repaid in full with interest.
200
What were the four major countries went sent leaders to meet at Locarno?
Geramny, France, Britain, and Italy
200
Identify one reason why Germany and the USSR might cooperate, and one reason why they might now.
Germany and the USSR were both excluded from the League of Nations and hated the Allies; however, they had fought on opposite sides of the war before the Russian Revolution.
300
Identify which treaty was never ratified, and why.
The Treaty of Sevres, between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire, was never ratified because of the overthrow of the Turkish sultan by the Turkish National Movement, led by General Mustafa Ataturk.
300
Explain how an economic sanction worked and why they failed.
Economic sanctions forbade all member-nations from any trade with the targeted country. Ideally, the targeted country would suffer economically to such a degree that it would comply with League decisions. However, this tactic could be ineffective if member-nations ignored the sanctions to protect their own trade.
300
Explain how US loans to the Allies had an impact on the Ruhr Crisis.
The US demanded that its loans be repaid, but the Allies were low on capital. To pay off their loans, the Allies pressured Germany to pay them its reparations, despite the US insistence that reparations and loan repayments be unrelated. This put enormous pressure on Germany, which had an already devastated economy.
300
With which countries did France reaffirm its defensive treaties?
Poland and Czechoslovakia
300
What treaty did Germany and the USSR sign in 1922, and what were its provisions?
Under the Treaty of Rapallo, Germany and the USSR renounced all economic and territorial claims against each other.
400
List three provisions of the Treaty of Saint-Germain.
Any three from following: Broke up Austria-Hungary and created the new states of Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and Poland; Established Hungary as an independent state; Ceded Austrian land to Italy and Romania; Restricted the Austrian army to 30,000; Forbade Austria from uniting with Germany in the future.
400
Outline the mandate system.
The League of Nations assumed trusteeship of the Central Powers' former colonies after the war. These territories were called "mandates" with the ultimate goal of establishing independence. The mandates were nonetheless treated as colonies.
400
Outline the Ruhr Crisis.
The German economy, struggling with hyperinflation and an adverse balance of trade, was on the verge of collapse. In January 1923, Germany defaulted on its reparation payments. French troops occupied the Ruhr to force payments, which caused many industrial workers in the Ruhr to go on strike.
400
What was the most major reverse of policy which was decided upon at Locarno?
Germany was admitted to the League of Nations and was given a prominent seat on the League Council.
400
Identify the terms of the secret agreement which accompanied the Treaty of Rapallo, and explain why it had to be secret.
Agreement allowed Germany to build weapons and train troops in Soviet territory; German re-militarization was expressly forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles and so had to be kept secret.
500
Identify which treaty the Treaty of Lusanne replaced and list three provisions.
The Treaty of Lusanne replaced the Treaty of Sevres. For the provisions, any three from following: the Allies recognized the new Republic of Turkey; the Turks lost their Balkan and Arab lands, which were ruled as mandates in the League of Nations; the Dardanelles, Bosporus, and Sea of Marmora were demilitarized and opened to all nations; the armed forces were restricted to 50,000; the navy was restricted to 13 small ships and the air force was abolished.
500
Define the three levels of mandates, and give one example of each type.
A) Mandates that were ready for independence in the near future, including the former Ottoman States in the Middle East. B) Mandates that were less advanced, with no immediate prospects for independence, including the former German colonies in Africa. C) Thinly populated and economically under-developed mandates which were handed over directly as colonies to the nations which conquered them, including former German possessions in the Pacific.
500
Outline the Dawes plan and the London Conference.
Reduced schedule of German reparation payments, and allowed Germany to receive sizable loans. (This worked until the Great Depression.) At the London Conference, the Dawes Plan was implemented and France agreed to withdraw from the Ruhr within one year. The League of Nations lost its power to impose sanctions on Germany for defaulting on reparations.
500
Outline the discussion regarding Germany's borders.
Rhineland Pact - Germany's western borders with France and Belgium were set and guaranteed by a non-aggression pact. It also signed arbitration treaties regarding its borders with France, Belgium, Poland, and Czechoslovakia. However, Germany refused to guarantee the permanence of its eastern borders or renounce its right to change them.
500
How and when did the USSR and Germany strengthen the Treaty of Rapallo?
In 1926, Germany and the USSR signed new nonaggression treaties which strengthened the Treaty of Rapallo.
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