Long Term Causes
The War 1914-1917
Entry of Canada
Entry of US
Treaty of Versailles
100
List the four long-term causes of WWI.
Militarism, Alliance system, Imperialism, Nationalism (MAIN)
100
Why was WWI considered a social leveler?
Men from all social classes died in battle together; at home, economic barriers were broken between salaried professionals and skilled workers as demand grew for industrial workers and inflation rose.
100
What were the two major disagreements between English- and French-Canadians?
Whether English or French should be the language of instruction in schools, and if conscription should be allowed.
100
Which cause did most Americans support, and why?
The Allied Cause, because the Allies were mostly democratic in government, as opposed to military-controlled Germany. Widely published reports of German atrocities against Belgians further inflamed public opinion.
100
Who was Henry Cabot Lodge?
He was a US Senator and leader of the opposition against ratifying the Treaty of Versailles.
200
Define the British "two-power standard" and explain why it was implemented.
It maintained that the British Navy must have a force superior to that of the two next most powerful navies combined; British naval superiority was necessary for its survival due to high rates of imported goods.
200
Explain the significance of the Battle of Verdun.
The 10-month long conflict, with over 700,000 casualties, illustrated how ineffective traditional military tactics were in the face of new trench warfare.
200
Explain the Naval Service Bill of 1910 and its reception among Canadians.
Created the Canadian Navy and stated that if Britain went to war, the Canadian Navy would fall under control of the British navy; Canadians, and French-Canadians in particular, opposed the plan as they felt Canadian money was being used to increase the size of the British navy.
200
List three concerns the Wilson administration had over WWI.
Any three from following: Strong domestic pressure to refrain from combat. Any country with hegemony in Europe controlled trade in Africa and Asia. German hegemony could threaten US trade in Latin America. Recession of 1913-1914 led the US to depend on foreign markets.
200
Name three countries (other than the US) who were influential in setting the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
France, Italy, and Great Britain
300
Outline the three wars of German unification that Bismarck led.
1864 - Danish War: Prussia and Austria vs Denmark to gain the Germanic provinces of Schleswig and Holstein. 1866 - Austrian War: Bismarck goads Austria into war and defeats it easily; Austria is excluded from Prussian affairs. 1870 - Franco-Prussian War: Bismarck goads France into war with edited telegraph; unites all Germanic states against French, won provinces of Alsace and Lorraine.
300
Outline the Schlieffen plan.
Called for a strong German force to move across Belgium into France (avoiding the heavily fortified French-German border) and knock France out of war within six weeks. After France was defeated, Germany could focus on other opponents, including Russia.
300
Explain why Borden and the Canadian government passed the Military Service Act.
Canada had promised Britain a military force of 500,000 men, but recruitment was declining as news of the mounting casualties and the horrors of trench warfare reached Canadians. Borden claimed Canada could be treated as an equal partner only if it lived up to its military commitment, and so introduced conscription.
300
What did Wilson hope to achieve with neutrality?
He hoped to force the belligerents to adhere to open door trade policies and freedom of the seas, creating greater overall stability without conflict on the part of the US.
300
Identify which countries favored the "hard line" and "soft line" approaches, and why.
France - "hard line" to punish Germany and prevent them from attacking again. US - "soft line" to protect trade, improve international diplomacy.
400
Outline the Balkan Crises of 1912-1913 and list one result.
1912 - Russia encouraged Bulgaria and Serbia to lead a war against Turkey; when they won, the Serbs demanded a port on the Adriatic Sea, which would have blocked Austrian access; Albania was created as a buffer. 1913 - Bulgaria and Albania fought Serbia, Greece, and Rumania; Serbia invaded Albania, but Austria demanded their withdrawal. As a result, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia expanded their armed forces.
400
Give three examples of the breakdown of civilian morale under the pressure of total war.
Any three from following: 1916 - Easter Rebellion in Dublin 1917 - mutinies in Italian and French armies 1917 - Czech calls for secession from Austrian Empire 1917 - workers' strike in Berlin
400
List three effects the war had on the Canadian home front.
Any three from following: War Measures Act; Severe domestic unrest over repressive government, conscription, taxation; Increased tensions between French- and English-Canadians; Introduction of women to the workplace; First income tax; Loss of civil rights for aliens and workers; Inflation, shortages, and rationing; Increased agricultural production and debt
400
Explain the significance of the Lusitania and Sussex.
Unrestricted German submarine warfare in the Atlantic Ocean resulted in the death of American citizens aboard the British passenger ship, the Lusitania. Germany pledged to not sink passenger ships without warning as a result. Although no American lives were lost when submarines sank the Sussex, Germany had violated its pledge and so the US threatened to join the war against Germany if it continued sinking ships.
400
Name four provisions of the Treaty which affected Germany.
1) Surrendered Alsace-Lorraine and colonies 2) Restricted armed forces to 100,000 3) Paid $33 billion in reparations 4) Had to accept responsibility for starting the war
500
Outline the two Moroccan crises.
1905 - Germany objected France's attempt to colonize Morocco, in an effort to break up the Entente Cordial. However, the British supported France and the EC evolved from a colonial arrangement to an informal alliance. During the Algeciras Conference (1906) Germany received little support from its allies, and so France's rights to trade in Morocco were confirmed. 1911 - When protests broke out against sultan, France sent in troops to regain order, establish Morocco as a protectorate and colony. Germany moved a gunboat to the port of Agadir in protest. Lloyd George gave the Mansion House speech, claiming Britain would not allow Germany to pressure France, even if war was result. Morocco became a French protectorate, and Germany received territory from the French Congo in return.
500
List, in chronological order, the immediate events which led to the start of war.
June 1914 - Assassination of Austrian prince Franz Ferdinand by Serbian terrorist group. July 5 - Germany pledged unconditional support for Austria against Serbia. July 25 - France pledged support for Russians against Austria. July 28 - Austria declared war on Serbia. July 29 - Russia mobilized forces. August 1 - Germany declared war on Russia.
500
Explain the War Measures Act.
Gave the federal government the power to oversee the economy and restrict civil liberties to promote the war effort; was passed unanimously by Parliament.
500
Outline the two final events that brought the US into WWI.
Germany resumed its unrestricted submarine warfare in an attempt to cut British supply lines. This threatened American trade, and further, an Allied loss would mean defaulted loans for American bankers. The last straw was the Zimmerman telegram, which contained a proposed German-Mexican alliance in the event of German war with the US and offered Mexico the chance to regain lost territory. Mexico refused the proposal, improving its strained relations with the US. This only confirmed the inevitability of war with Germany.
500
List three of Wilson's Fourteen Points.
Any three from following: Enemy evacuation from Allied territory; Give Alsace-Lorraine to France; Self-determination of all peoples; Open diplomacy (no secret treaties); Freedom of seas; Reduction of armaments; Fair adjustment of colonial claims; Creation of League of Nations
M
e
n
u