Mohammed and Islam (I) (2)
This term can refer to either an internal struggle for faith or external holy war.
jihad
The Byzantine Empire spoke this language.
Greek
The power of rulers from this region declined in the high Middle Ages, as their efforts to control northern Italy led them into conflict with the popes.
Germany
He was the leader of the People’s Crusade.
Peter the Hermit
This city was the site of one of the few crusader defeats during the First Crusade, during which the Holy Lance was discredited.
Arqa
Muslims are expected to do this for one (lunar) month out of the year.
fast
This family ruling Byzantium between 867 and 1081 that strengthened farmers, expanded trade, and increased territory.
the Macedonians
This area of Europe witnessed a Reconquest of territory from Muslims during the period from 1000 to 1300.
Spain
Financial gain, revenge for the death of Christ, and forced conversion were all motivations for the crusaders attack on this group of people.
Jews
At the city of Ma’ara, crusaders reportedly engaged in this practice.
cannibalism
The initial division between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagreement over this.
succession to Mohammed
This Byzantine ruler was responsible for a partial reconquest of the Western Roman Empire, a compilation of Roman law, and many building projects.
Justinian I
He was known for viewing church power as superior to the state and enforcing that power with fines and excommunication.
Innocent III
He was the son of the Norman king and the crusader that the Byzantines feared most.
Bohemund of Taranto
Following the capture of Jerusalem, crusaders won a surprise attack over a relieving Muslim army at this battle.
Battle of Ascalon
This group of non-Muslim people was generally allowed to practice their religion under Muslim rule, provided they paid a special tax.
dhimmi
Conflict with this empire weakened the Byzantine Empire and opened them to conquest by the Muslims in the 600s AD.
Persia
In this conflict, the church sought freedom from royal influence in Church appointments.
Investiture Controversy
This was the ultimate fate of the People’s Crusade.
It was destroyed outside of Nicaea.
Recent estimate of the number of Jews and Muslims killed following the crusader conquest of Jerusalem.
3-5 thousand
These are the two parts of the Muslim confession of belief.
There is no Allah but Allah, and Mohammed is the prophet of Allah
These two sources of disagreement contributed to the schism between Eastern and Western churches in 1054.
Nicene Creed and papal authority
In the period from 1000-1300, cities from this region went from being at the center of conflict between popes and Emperors to becoming some of the most wealthy and independent cities in Europe.
Italy
This crusader provided most resistance to Alexius I’s effort to secure an oath from all the crusade leaders.
Raymond, Count of Toulouse
Lack of this caused the initial attack of the crusaders on the city of Jerusalem to fail.
wood for siege ladders and towers