The Alphabet and Grimm's Law
Early writing went from _______ to ________ on the page.
In the 6th Century, Greeks changed the order to the _______________ order which alternates from right to left and left to right (like an ox plows a field)
2000 BCE The Beaker Folk:
2000 B.C.E: Another wave of immigrants to England from Holland, the ________ folk
Known for light brown hair, and drinking from beakers or ______-shaped cups they buried with their dead)
Original builders of _________.
Who are the Beaker folk, bell-shaped and Stonehenge
Brittain was attacked from all sides:
Pict warriors came back and overran Hadrian’s wall
Irish pirates crossed the sea in small wooden and skin boats.
The Angles (Denmark), Saxons (Germany) and Jutes (Belgian), largest group of invaders exterminated many _____ and drove the remainder to Scotland and Wales
Who are the Celts?
Four Contenders for the throne:
1066 Edward dies-4 contenders to the throne
Harald Hardraga, King of Norway
2. William, the Duke of ___________
Brothers of Edith (Edward’s Queen):
3. Tostig Godwinson-deposed Duke of Northumbria
4. Harold Godwinson
What is Normandy?
How to identify words of Anglo-Saxon origin?
Anglo-Saxon words are:
Short words/names of common things: 100 common words in the language (Dolch and Fry lists) difficult for spelling.
Non-_______ words: said, to, do, other etc. (Never tell a student English is crazy, find out the reason behind the spelling of a word, most often it used to be pronounced that way).
What is phonetic?
The Roman alphabet (basis for the English Alphabet developed between 700 and 500 BCE).
Romans adopted Etruscan script and wrote from left to right
_________ letters were used exclusively
What are capital.
Iron Age: The Celts arrive
800 B.C.E: (Iron Age) Celts arrived in England (originally from Asia Minor). First Indo-Europeans to spread over Europe.
Blue eyes, flaming red hair, and flowing mustaches.
Lived in round wooden huts, with clay-covered wattle and thatched roofs. _______ (their role) drank fermented mead (honey and water),
Wore brightly covered clothing, especially red…
Who are farmers?
Historical Milestones:
The Jutes came from Belgium and the Saxons came from Germany to invade Great Britain and to absorb, kill or displace the Celts.
They tried to fend them off by narrowing the entrance gates to the city. They appealed to Rome for help.
406 C.E.: The Rhine river froze and thousands of barbarians poured over the border into Roman territory.
409 C.E.: The last of the _______ legions leave Britain.
Who is Roman?
1066: The Battle of Hastings
1066: ________ Conquest
The Normans were originally Vikings who settled in Normandy in the 10th Century
They gradually traded their language and barbaric ways for feudal France.
What is Norman?
How to identify words of Anglo-Saxon origin?
Numbers 1-100. Basic Colors. _______ from the farm. Animals from the Sea. Outer body parts. Short common verbs.
Pronouns
(he, she, us), they/them/their-3rd person plural is Norse.
What is animals?
Roman Alphabet:
Lowercase letters appeared in the 4th century CE.
The English alphabet reached ___ letters after medieval scribes added w and renaissance printers distinguishes i from j and u from w.
What are 26
The Celts left their mark in place names:
Rivers: Avon, the Thames, Trent, and Wye
Towns: London, Dover, Bryn Mawr (meaning great hill), Kent and Canterbury.
Prefix Mc/Mac is Celtic.
Very few Celtic words in English but they are the _______.
What is the oldest?
Anglo-Saxon Farmers:
Angles, Jutes, and ______: attracted by fertile soil and brought their families across the sea in open boats. They were talented farmers. Established: Essex, Wessex.
Who are the Saxons?
1066:
Marks beginning of the transition from Old English to _______ English
No other event had a greater impact on our language.
The influx of ______ and French into our language
What is Middle and Latin?
How to identify words of Anglo-Saxon origin?
Consonants: k in short words, (ski, skip), hard g before i, e, y (gift, give, get), -ng (sting, bang, long, hung), tw- with the meaning of two (twin, between, twilight)
________ teams: (rain, clay, see, beak, might, fry, boat, flow, book, moon) (except ow followed by er as in flower, tower, shower are from French )(except oi/oy and ou which are French: soup, boil, loyal
Digraphs/Trigraphs: ch, th, sh, wh (originally hw), ck, tch, dge
Consonant Patterns: vccv: rabbit, flsz rule words (bluff, hill, moss)
What is vowel?
Jacob Grimm (1786-1863), in 1822 popularized and fully stated the laws that govern the changes from PIE to Germanic Indo-European roots that have __ consonants.
-In the shift from PIE to Germanic half of them ___________
-Shift did not occur in Latin and Greek and other non-Germanic cognates
What are 18 and changed
The Romans:
55 B.C.E: __________ lands in Kent to capture Cassivellaunus’s hill fort.
He never went back.
43 B.C.E: Britain becomes part of the Roman Empire.
Led by Queen Boadicea, the Celts resisted fiercely
Queen Boadicea was flogged, daughters raped, rather than to risk capture, she takes poison.
Who is Julius Caesar?
Christianity becomes a unifying force:
529: Establish Benedictine Monasteries
Pope Gregory 1 saw fair-haired slaves in the market in Rome. He was told they were Angles. He replied, “Not Angles but ______”
Who are angels
Saxons and Normans:
Intermarried
A couple of hundred years after 1066-no longer could tell them apart
They had become _______
What is English?
How to identify words of Latin origin?
___% of English Words are Latin in origin
Academic words used in literature and textbooks.
Long words often consisting of prefix, root, and/or suffix (rejection, disrupt, ingredient)
Final blends –ct and pt (act, erupt)
Soft c before i, e, (cent, receipt, circular)
sc=/s/ (science, conscience, scissors)
Silent initial h (honor, herbs)
What is 50%
Grimm's Law Step 1:
3 unvoiced stops /p/, /t/, /k/ changed to fricative sounds /f/, /th/, /h/.
/p/ to /_/: pater-father, penna-feather, penta-five
/t/ to /_/: mater-mother, tenuous-thin, tres-three
/k/ to /_/: cardiac-heart, canine-hound,
What are /f/, /th/ and /h/?
The Romans:
Settle down to ____ years of peace
Built forts along the coast
Built Hadrian’s wall in 121 C.E. : 20 feet high and 73 miles long, and 14,0000 men to guard it.
What is 400?
Vikings: Danes engage in piracy
793: Sacked monasteries Lindisfarne and Jarrow
850: Sailed up the Thames with 350 ships
Wessex was the only ______ kingdom left to resist them.
Saxon
1066 Transition from Old English to Middle English
1066-1558: A lot of interaction between England and France
10,000 words came into our language from Norman French and most are in use today.
Religion, the legal system, and luxury
Most of these words were derived from ______.
No English king spoke English for the next 300 years!
What is Latin?
How to identify words of Latin origin?
Absence of ______ ________: long vowels generally that are
v-c-e, mostly open, closed, silent-e and Vr syllables
Assimilated prefixes: in and con (illegal, comment), sub and ob (suffer, oppress), dis and ex (differ and effort), ad (arrest)
Suffix: -tion, -sion, -ssion (motion, explosion, mission)
/sh/ spelled ti-, si-, ci-, xi-
Latin Connector letters: -i-=/ĭ/,/ē/,/y/ (experiment, curious, million, opinion); -u- and –ul- (monument, turbulent); -ular: (regular, modular, cellular) tu=/choo/ and du=/joo/ (natural, future, education)
What are vowel teams?
Grimm's Law Step 2
Voiced stops /b/, /d/, /g/.
Shifted to replace unvoiced stops /p/, /t/, /k/.
/b/ to /_/: reimburse-purse, boast-puff,
/d/ to /_/: decade-ten, dentist-tooth,
/g/ to /_/: grain-corn, grate-scratch
In German pronounce the k in “kn” (knee)
What are /p/, /t/ and /k/?
Romans:
Left little mark on English Language: Place names ending in -cester (from Latin “castra” or “camp”)
The word ______ comes from the word “salt”-”worth his salt”
What is salary?
871: King Alfred the Great
Treaty drawing a line from London to Chester (Danes or Danelaw to the north and Saxons to the south).
This line still marks the boundary between the speech of northern and southern England.
Built a strong _____ to prevent further invasions, strategically fortified towns with soldiers.
Established English as an important language (literacy for freemen and clergy)
No other King is known as the great!
King Alfred Daffodils
What is the navy?
Transition from Old English to Middle English:
Words in Old English are phonetically regular as they almost always follow letter-sound correspondence (e.g. why was spelled as hwy).
Around ___ words from Old English survive in some form today: friend (freond), cild (child), and house (hus).
What is 400?
How to identify words of Greek origin?
Scientific, medical, technical words (cardiac, Xerox)
Words connected to Theater (comedy, orchestra)
Words connected to the Olympics (discus, marathon)
th in long, scholarly, words (mythology, thermometer)
k in long words (kleptomania, kerosene, kinesthetic)
___=/f/; there is no letter f in Greek (phrase, phonics, physician)
ch=/k/ (chrome, ache, chorus, Christmas)
x in the initial position (xylophone, Xerox)
What is <ph>?
The Picts:
1000 years later a group called the ______, small men and women crossed the sea to England in little boats and (unlike hunters) cleared land, grew crops and domesticated animals.
Who are the Picts?
The Angles:
From the ______ of land that juts out into
the Southern Baltic
Sea.
What is angle?
Historical Milestones:
Many Vikings were forced to settle elsewhere and some went to France.
Their leader Rollo the Rover made a deal with Charles the Simple not to sail the Seine and ravage Paris...in exchange for Normandy.
Anglo-Saxon and _______ languages intermingle so they become difficult to tell apart.
What are Norse?
The transition from Old English to Middle English:
New _________ entered during this period.
Normans brought the ou vowel team to English
Inserted a g in front of the h as in night, which had been spelled niht.
They replaced u with o before m, n and v as in come, son and love because a series of arcs was difficult to read.
The Normans introduced qu- to replace cw- as in queen that had been spelled cween.
What is spellings?
How to Identify Words of French origin:
__________ (prince, parliament), legal (judge, plaintiff)
Military (lieutenant, regime),
Gourmet (Chablis, venison) terms.
Sophisticated cultured words (chic, trousseau)
What is government?