Foundations & Philosophies
What is dualism?
The idea that mind and body are separate substances (Descartes).
Which school emphasized “the whole is more than the sum of its parts”?
Gestalt psychology.
Who is known as the “father of psychology”?
Wilhelm Wundt
Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology?
Francis Cecil Sumner
What are schemas? Who studied them?
Mental frameworks for organizing knowledge, Bartlett
Name two empiricist philosophers and their main ideas.
John Locke & David Hume – knowledge comes from sensory experience
What’s the phi phenomenon?
Illusion of movement from static images – basis of movies (Wertheimer)
Who developed operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
Name a historical contribution by Indigenous psychology.
Two-spirit identities, Navajo nádleehi gender roles
Who is credited with the term “mental models”?
Kenneth Craik
What is voluntarism, and who founded it?
Wundt’s theory is that the mind organizes content through willful processes
Which school viewed behavior as shaped by stimulus-response associations?
Behaviorism
Which feminist psychoanalyst proposed “womb envy”?
Karen Horney
What contributions did Evelyn Hooker make?
Proved gay men were as "well-adjusted" as heterosexual men, challenging the pathology models
What is feminist empiricism?
An approach that uses scientific methods to reveal and change social biases
What is functionalism’s primary focus?
The purpose and function of psychological processes in adaptation
Define “functional fixedness.”
Cognitive bias limits the use of objects to their typical functions
Who developed the theory of cognitive maps?
Edward Tolman
What’s significant about Charles Henry Turner’s work?
Studied animal cognition, first Black scientist published in Science
What framework came from the Boulder Conference?
The scientist-practitioner model of clinical training
Compare structuralism vs. functionalism.
Structuralism (Titchener) focused on the components of consciousness; functionalism (James, Dewey) emphasized the functions of consciousness
What is psychoanalysis primarily concerned with?
Unconscious motives and internal conflict (Freud)
Which psychologist created the Kinsey Scale?
Alfred Kinsey
What are common cultural protective factors for AMENA individuals?
Strong family ties, collectivism, and religious/spiritual beliefs
(Awad et al., 2022)
What is relational frame theory, and who developed it?
Behavioral theory of language and cognition underlying ACT was developed from Skinner’s radical behaviorism