Justinian and Theodora
Justinian plague
A deadly plague struck the Byzantine Empire in the mid 6th century that killed many including soldiers and workers. As a result, the empire's military and economy weakened, starting the beginning of their downfall.
How did Muhammad promote monotheism in his teachings.
Monotheism means worshipping only one god and he promoted it through conquests, trade, and missionary work
Vase at Soissons
Shows how Clovis had ruthless leadership. He killed his family to secure his role and he established power through violence. These things were done for his peoples unification.
How did Germanic tribes integrate in Roman society
They adopted Roman customs, laws, and Christianity as well as blended their traditions with Roman culture. Some Germanic leaders became military commanders. They also intermarried.
why were the Merovingian kings called the do nothing kings
They would give their power to the mayor of the palace and were often forced to rule so they could live a lavish lifestyle.
Justinian's goals
He wanted to restore the Roman Empire through military conquest, legal reforms, and strength in the economy. he also wanted religious unification.
Battle of Tours
Halted the Muslims forces into the Western Empire. Charles Martel's victory helped preserve Christian dominance in Europe. Set a clear boundary between Muslims and Christians.
Bruhlinda and her influence
She was a queen and regent in the Frankish kingdom, but she was involved with many political machinations and alliances. She intensified the internal struggles within the empire and had many conflicts the lead to civil wars.
What sparked the Nika Revolt? How did Justinian and his general Belisarius respond?
The factions were upset with high taxation and corrupt/unjust officials. Justinian didn't support either faction, he instead sent Belisarius to the Hippodrome to kill 30,000 rebels then executed Hypatius, which strengthened Justinians power.
Patricks mission in Ireland, why he went back and how he used the shamrock.
His mission was to spread christianity throughout Ireland. The shamrock represented the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. He had a vision of the people of Ireland calling him back so he felt it was his duty
Theodora's role
She was an actress who was actively involved in politics and vision making. She convinced Justinian to stay during the Nika revolt which saved Justinian's rule. She also protected women's rights.
What is a Caliph and how did it combine religious and political power
A caliph is the religious and civil leader. They combine religion and political power by allowing their relics faith to influence their politics
Benedict's Vows
1) Obedience:followed orders of abbot and monastic rules
2) Chasity:remained celibate
3)Poverty:monks gave up material possessions
Why is Vacant city independent?
The lateran Treaty made it a sovereign state and allowed the Pope and Catholic Church to remain independent from the city.
How did power pass down in the Frankish kingdom and why was it violent?
After a king died, the land would never be divided between the surviving sons and they would fight over which land they wanted to rule, causing internal conflicts.
Four parts of Justinians reforms
1)Codex Justinianus-A compilation of existing Roman laws
2)Digest-Summaries and writings of Rome's greatest legal thinkers
3)Institutes-A textbook for legal students
4)Novellae-New laws passed during Justinians reign
How did the Rashida and Umayyad Caliphates contribute to the spread of islam?
The Umayyad Caliphates contributed by creating a strong government, crushed rebellions, and punished those who caused uprisings. The Rashida Caliphates contributed by conquering Syria, Egypt, The Lavant, North Africa, and the whole Sassanian Empire.
Why was Scholasticism an intellectual movement
Combined faith with reason, especially in Christian theology. Led to the establishment of universities and intellectual debates
Contributions of the Islamic world during the golden age of Islam
Advances in mathematics(algebra), development of astronomy and navigation tools, medical texts and surgical techniques, and preservation/translation of Ancient Greek and Roman knowledge.
What happened in 496 CE? Why was it important for Christianity?
In 496, Clovis prayed God for help in battle and they won. This victory leads to Clovis along with many soldiers being baptized. His conversion made him stand out from other Arian Christians and linked kingship with Christianity.
Why did Justinian fail at rebuilding the Roman Empire?
His military campaigns in North Africa, Italy, and Spain overstretched the empires resources.The territories recaptured were hard to keep due to local resistance and economic challenges. The plague also weakend the empire.
5 Pillars
Shahada-belief
Salat-Prayer
Zakat-Charity
Sawm-Fasting
Hajj-Pilgrimage
How did the Mayors of the palace contribute to the rise of the Carolingian dynasty
Over time they took on more power from the Merovingian kings becoming weaker. Charles Martel consolidated power by defending against Muslim invasions and Pepin overthrew the last Merovingian king with the pope which made a shift is leadership and religious ties to the church.
Differences between public law and private law
The public law is the reformer and creates to the welfare of the state. The private law is the ladder and relates to the advantage of the individual citizen. The private is made out of the precepts of nature(shared by all living things), law of nations(prescribed by natural reasons for all men are observed by people alike), and civil laws(the rules a state enacts for its own members)
Who was Charlemagne and why was he considered so great?
He was a Frankish king and later an emperor of the merovingian empire. Expanded his kingdom into much of western Europe, crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope in 800 CE, and promoted education, culture, and legal reforms throughout his empire