In the viral replication cycle, NRTIs and NNRTIs target this step.
What is reverse transcription?
100
During clinical latency, there is a gradual decline in this immunological marker over the course of years.
What is CD4 count?
100
HIV mortality peaked in the U.S. in this year, the same year as the introduction of protease inhibitors.
What is 1995?
100
This prevention technique was found to achieve a 96% efficacy in preventing transmission of HIV between sero-discordant partners in a landmark clinical trial.
What is Treatment as Prevention (TasP)?
100
This class of drugs was first introduced in 1995 and is usually used to define the start of the HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) era.
What are protease inhibitors (PIs)?
200
The reduced functioning of CD4+ T lymphocytes due to the pathogenesis of HIV is known by this term
What is immunosuppression?
200
During late disease stages, this virologic marker may increase 100 to 1000 times its relatively stable value during clinical latency.
What is viral load?
200
Global HIV mortality peaked in this year, roughly correlated with an increase in the availability of antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings such as Sub-Saharan Africa.
What is 2005?
200
This technique has been studied with use of the antiretroviral drug Truvada prior to sexual acts, and there is evidence that it may be efficacious in preventing HIV transmissions.
What is Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)
200
Treatment scale up in this region, also the region of the globe with the highest HIV burden, is generally attributed with bending the global HIV mortality curve downward.
What is Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)?
300
Biomarkers such as IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha show marked increases after seroconversion, and they are these sorts of molecules.
What are cytokines?
300
This stage of infection is accompanied by wide dissemination of the virus and a spike in viral load over the course of weeks.
What is acute HIV syndrome?
300
According to the U.S. CDC, HIV incidence has been steady for the past few years around what number of new infections per year?
What is 50,000?
300
This population-level prevention strategy relies on defining at-risk populations and then suppressing individual- and population-level viral loads to stop transmission.
What is Test and Treat (TNT)?
300
This class of antiretroviral drug is generally used as the treatment backbone in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission, particularly during breastfeeding in resource-limited settings.
What are non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)?
400
This type of tissue is particularly rich in target cells for HIV and comprises organs such as the thymus.
What is lymphoid tissue?
400
This quantity is defined as the HIV viral load once it stabilizes during acute infection and once a cytotoxic T cell response has been established.
What is viral set point?
400
In both the MACS and WIHS cohorts, from the mid- to the late-1990's, the proportion of individuals with what virologic characteristic generally increased with increases in the proportion on HAART?
What is viral suppression?
400
Described mostly in the context of occupational HIV exposure (involving administration of AZT+3TC or Truvada), there is some evidence that this technique may be efficacious in preventing sexual transmission.
What is Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
400
This chemokine co-receptor is a target of entry inhibitors and is also known for conferring resistance to HIV infection in individuals homozygous for its delta-32 variant mutation.
What is the CCR5 co-receptor?
500
Long-term non-progressor phenotype is strongly associated with this HLA genotype.
What is HLA-B*5701
500
The median time from infection to the development of AIDS in the untreated history of HIV is approximately this many years.
What is 8 to 10 years?
500
In the MACS cohort, the time from HIV seroconversion to this important disease progression landmark lengthened for men entering in later calendar periods after HAART became more widely available.
What is incident Opportunistic Infection (or AIDS-defining event)?
500
This HIV prevention technique was estimated to cost only $1,200 per infection averted when applied to an MSM population on a global scale (much cheaper than PrEP).
What is condom use?
500
The M184V resistance mutation is generally associated with which class of antiretrovirals?
What are nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)?