Scientific Revolution
From this list of ideas, which ARE new ideas during the scientific revolution?
- Heliocentrism
- Geocentrism
- Ptolemaic conception of the universe
- Liberalism
- Empiricism
Heliocentrism & Empiricism are new ideas
This French politique ruler signed the Edict of Nantes in 1598, giving French Huguenots basic civil rights; he also said "Paris is worth a Mass" when he converted to Catholicism upon taking the throne
Henri IV
What monarch was beheaded as part of the Monarchical Revolution in England? What year?
Charles I in 1649
Describe Engligtenment views on authority and government/laws:
gov't/laws = should exist to protect people and promote human flourishing for as many people as possible
What was the structure of the French gov't before, during the moderate phase, and after the French Revolution?
Before: absolute monarchy (as established by Louis XIV during the Monarchical revolution)
During: Constitutional Monarchy
After: Democratic republic
Name 3 facts about Copernicus
- published On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres in 1543
- first to advocate for a heliocentric solar system
- he challenged the Ptolemaic system
- Polish priest; didn't intend to challenge Church authority
Name 3 facts about Mary I
-English religious absolutist monarch who ruled from 1553-1558
-Persecuted Protestants
-Married Philip II of Spain
What were the short and long parliaments, and how long did each last?
Short Parliament - lasted 3 weeks (1640) b/c they refused to fund Charles I's war with Scotland; he got made and disbanded them
Long Parliament; lasted 20 years (1640-1660), during which they beheaded Charles I and gained a LOT of power and control
Describe Enlightenment views on society & economic policy.
Society = should be run rationally to promote human flourishing
economic policy = should protect private property and enable owners to use it freely
Who were the king and queen in France during the French Revolution? What kind of king was he? How did the people regard her?
Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette.
He was weak and vacillating; didn't even pretend to be an "enlightened monarch" - mostly stayed at Versailles with his family.
She was suspect b/c she was a foreigner (Austrian).
Name 3 facts about Galileo
-Italian astronomer who advocated heliocentric solar system
- got in trouble with Catholic Church
- spent last 9 years of his life under house arrest before dying in 1642.
A fleet of ships sent by Phillip II of Spain in 1588 (during Elizabeth I's reign) to England in an attempt to re-convert England to Catholicism.
Who was Oliver Cromwell? Describe who he was and why he was significant in the Monarchical Revolution.
He was chosen to lead Parliament's army during the English Civil War (1642 - 1651); he was strongly religious and helped establish England as a "Puritan Republic," during which time he banned Christmas celebrations and bear baiting.
What was the reigning Enlightenment view of colonialism/empire, which major philosophe dissented, and what was their view?
Overall, they saw colonization as a "civilizing mission" to spread progress and good ideas.
Kant dissented, arguing that the colonizers' treatment of native populations was immoral
Describe the Estates General and their role in the French Revolution (briefly)
A medieval institution that divided the French population into 3 groups (commoners, clergy, nobility).
When Louis XIV wanted funding, the Assembly wouldn't give it to him; said only the Estates General could approve it. He called them (1789), and things went downhill from there.
Name 2 impacts of the scientific revolution
-Math and science began replacing theology as most important tool for understanding the world
This 1540 edict subjected French Protestants (Huguenots) to torture via the Inquisition
Who was the monarch in France during the Monarchical Revolution?
What did he call himself?
AND what structure did he build and why?
Louis XIV
The Sun King
Built Versailles to demonstrate his power and wealth
In 1-2 sentences, give the dates of the Enlightenment and provide a summary.
Enlightenment: 1715-1789 (begins when Louis XIV dies; ends with French Revolution).
18th century intellectual movement characterized by a spirit of improvement; core belief = idea that human condition can be improved through education, science, philosophy, economic growth, political reform.
Who were Robespierre and the Sans Culottes?
Robespierre - gained power during the FR and became the symbol of the Reign of Terror and the Republic of Virtue
Sans Culottes - Radical, working class, mostly Parisians; rejected the knee breeches worn by aristocrats and influenced the outcome of the FR by rising up (e.g. The Storming of the Bastille).
In 1-2 sentences, give the dates of the Scientific Revolution and describe what it was
1543 - late 1600s
Scientific Revolution = a period of immense scientific advancement, during which knowledge about the natural world and its laws advanced significantly; a major turning point in the history of Western culture as it changed the way people viewed the world and their place in it.
Where were the last religious wars in Western Europe fought; what document ended the Religious Wars in Europe; AND name something that document did.
-Holy Roman Empire (Thirty Years War started there in 1618 with the Defenestration of Prague)
- Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
- Broadened the legal status of Protestantism; affirmed that ruler of a land determines its official religion; gives Calvinism legal recognition; confirms territorial sovereignty of Germany’s many political entities, ensuring that Germany stays fairly weak and divided; establishes peace in Western Europe (briefly)
Absolute Monarchy and Constitutional Monarchy (and, for a little while in England, a republic)
England: Constitutional Monarchy
France: Absolute Monarchy
Describe the core ideas of 3 of the following philosophes:
Voltaire, Kant, Wollstonecraft, Smith, Montesquieu
Voltaire - focused on religious liberty & tolerance
Kant - Moral action toward one’s fellow man is the most important thing (more important than trying to grasp the transcendental nature of God).
Wollstonecraft - men and women should be educated equally
Smith - division of labor & laissez-faire economics leads to greater wealth and thus human flourishing
Montesquieu - separation of powers in gov't
What was the Thermidorian Reaction?
A period of cool-down (1794-1799) after the reign of terror during which revolutionary France attempted to return to more normal life.