Research Ethics
This Belmont principle emphasizes that individuals must give informed consent and be treated as autonomous.
Respect for Persons
This type of study uses random assignment and is best for determining cause-and-effect relationships.
Experimental Study
This is the variable that is changed or manipulated in a study.
Independent Variable
This type of validity is about whether findings can be generalized to other settings.
External Validity
Eye color measured as blue, brown, or green is this level of measurement.
Nominal
In the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, this principle was violated because treatment was withheld unfairly.
Justice
A professor compares teaching methods but cannot use random assignment. What design is this?
Quasi-experimental Study
This is the variable that researchers observe or measure to see how it responds.
Dependent Variable
A depression survey is criticized for measuring sadness instead. What type of validity is compromised?
Construct Validity
A university ranks its dorms from most to least popular based on student surveys. What scale is this?
Ordinal
The ethical principle requiring researchers to minimize harm and maximize benefits.
Beneficence
A survey asking 500 residents about their exercise habits uses this type of design.
Field Survey
“Higher stress leads to higher blood pressure.” Is this hypothesis directional or non-directional?
Directional
Which validity ensures that statistical tests are appropriate and conclusions are accurate?
Statistical Conclusion Validity
A researcher measures students’ test anxiety using scores on a standardized scale where intervals are equal, but there is no true zero. What scale is this?
Interval
True or False: Vulnerable populations, such as prisoners or children, require additional protections in research.
True
A researcher analyzes 10 years of U.S. Census data. What design is being used?
Secondary Data Analysis
In the research question, “How does family meal frequency affect childhood obesity?” - what is the dependent variable?
Childhood Obesity
A study examining diet fails to control for exercise habits. What validity is threatened?
Internal Validity
A nutrition study tracks participants’ daily calorie intake in kilocalories (kcal). What scale is this?
Ratio
This body reviews research studies to ensure they meet ethical standards before participants are enrolled.
IRB (Institutional Review Board)
This type of study collects self-reported data through questionnaires without manipulating any variables.
Field Survey
A statement predicting a relationship without specifying the direction is this type of hypothesis.
Non-directional
Name two techniques researchers can use to improve internal validity.
Randomization and Statistical Control
A sociologist compares political participation across neighborhoods. What is the unit of analysis?
Neighborhoods or geographical areas