Week #1
This model sees health as simply the absence of disease. It focuses on diagnosing and treating physical illness, often ignoring social or emotional factors.
Medical Model
This level of determinants includes large-scale factors like the economy, culture, and the environment that affect everyone’s health, such as access to healthcare and education.
Structural Determinants of Health
HEALTH PROMOTION APPROACHES: A city council implements a law that limits the amount of sugary drinks sold in schools to reduce the risk of obesity and related health issues among children. The policy change is aimed at creating a healthier environment for the community.
Social Change Approach
ETHICAL PRINCIPLE: A health worker informs a patient about the potential benefits and risks of a new medical treatment. The patient understands the information and voluntarily agrees to proceed with the treatment.
Informed Consent
PRIMARY HEALTHCARE PRINCIPLE: A healthcare initiative is launched to vaccinate children in a community to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. The goal is to stop illnesses before they occur rather than just treat them after infection.
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (from Primary Healthcare)
A community launches a program that provides affordable housing, access to healthy food, and free mental health workshops. The focus is on addressing the root causes of illness before people even get sick.
Social Model of Health
These determinants are related to personal habits and choices like diet, exercise, and family health history that influence individual health outcomes.
Individual/Family Determinants of Health
HEALTH PROMOTION APPROACHES: A community health organization works with a group of women from low-income backgrounds to help them build the skills and confidence to access better healthcare services, create healthier home environments, and advocate for better living conditions.
Empowerment Approach
IDEOLOGY: In a health promotion campaign aimed at reducing smoking, the government takes actions to implement stricter regulations on tobacco companies, while also offering free smoking cessation programs for individuals who want to quit.
Liberal Ideology
HEALTH PROMOTION PRINCIPLE: A local government creates a program that brings together doctors, teachers, social workers, and environmental health workers to improve the health of a community by addressing education, clean water, and safe housing.
Collaboration (from Key Health Promotion Principles and Primary Healthcare)
A health centre designs a wellness plan that balances emotional, spiritual, physical, and mental needs. It is based on the belief that all parts of a person must be in harmony for true health.
Holistic Model of Health (or Medicine Wheel)
This measure combines the quantity of life (how long people live) and the quality of life (how well people live), helping to evaluate overall well-being.
Quality of Life Measures
BEATTIE MODEL: A health consultant gives a talk to a group of local business owners, providing expert advice on improving workplace wellness programs to reduce employee stress and increase productivity. The consultant's guidance is focused on the individuals within the businesses.
Health Persuasion (from Beattie’s Analytic Model)
ETHICAL PRINCIPLE: A public health initiative prioritizes making sure that resources are distributed fairly to people in underserved communities, ensuring that no group is unfairly left out due to socio-economic status.
Justice
KEY HEALTH PROMOTION PRINCIPLES: A group of healthcare professionals, including nurses, general practitioners, and social workers, work together to help people in an underserved area access the resources they need, such as housing, education, and healthcare services.
Equity (from Key Health Promotion Principles and Primary Healthcare)
A health professional uses a model that views health as a resource for achieving one’s goals, not just avoiding illness. It sees health as a combination of personal strength, mental and physical fitness, and ideal wellbeing.
Unified Model of Health
This health metric combines both years lost to premature death and years lived with disability or illness, offering a comprehensive measure of health loss.
Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY)
CAPLAN AND HOLLAND: A community organizer pushes for policy changes to create more affordable housing and improve access to healthcare in marginalized neighborhoods, aiming to address the root causes of health disparities.
Radical Structuralist Paradigm (from Caplan and Holland’s Four Paradigm)
IDEOLOGY: A government policy focuses on reducing taxes for businesses, minimizing regulation, and placing responsibility for healthcare primarily on individuals. Healthcare is viewed as a personal issue rather than a collective responsibility.
Conservative Ideology
WHICH TYPE OF PROFESSIONAL INVOLVED IN HEALTH PROMOTION (NOTE: THERES 3 WHICH ONE IS IT FROM): A public health consultant designs a program to educate a community about preventing chronic diseases through healthy lifestyle choices, such as proper nutrition, exercise, and regular health check-ups.
Specialists (from Professionals Involved)
FREE
FREE
What are the Five Ways Differences in Social Determinants Lead to Differential Health Outcomes:
Behaviour or Lifestyle: The way someone lives (like diet, exercise, smoking, drinking) that affects their health.
Life Course: How events and conditions from childhood to old age shape a person’s health.
Psychosocial Factors: How social situations and emotions (like stress, support, or loneliness) impact health.
Material Conditions: The physical things people have or don’t have, like money, housing, and food.
Access to Health Care Services: Whether someone can get medical help when they need it.
TANAHILL: A government implements a tax on sugary drinks to reduce consumption and prevent obesity. This is part of a broader initiative to regulate the public’s behavior for better health outcomes.
Health Protection (from the Tannahill Descriptive Model)
A health practitioner is faced with a situation where they must decide between two competing actions: providing immediate care to an individual who is in urgent need but at the cost of other patients waiting for treatment. The right course of action is not immediately clear.
Ethical Dilemma
WHICH TYPE OF PROFESSIONAL INVOLVED IN HEALTH PROMOTION (NOTE: THERES 3 WHICH ONE IS IT FROM): A midwife, a general practitioner, and a social worker collaborate to provide comprehensive care to pregnant women in a rural area, addressing medical, emotional, and social needs to ensure healthy pregnancies.
Wider Contributors (from Professionals Involved)