How do the systems of the body influence and respond to movement?
When a person holds a plank position, what type of muscle contraction is occurring in the rectus abdominis?
Isometric contraction occurs when muscle fibres are activated and develop force but muscle length does not change; that is, movement does not occur.
Which muscles are primarily responsible for keeping a swimmer in a streamlined position (freestyle)?
Main muscles: lattisimus dorsi and rectus abdominus
In order for a freestyle swimmer to maintain linear motion, the interrelationship of muscles, bones and joints is essential.
What is the predominant energy system used during a 100-m sprint?
ATP-PC
The predominant energy system used during a 100-m sprint is the ATP-PCr system, which provides immediate energy through the breakdown of phosphocreatine (PCr) in the muscles, allowing for rapid ATP regeneration suitable for short, high-intensity activities like sprinting.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a learner?
A. Personality B. Heredity C. Muscle fibres D. Ability
C.
Muscle fibres are not a characteristic of a learner. Some characteristics of learners that affect the rate of learning are: • confidence • heredity • ability • personality • prior experience.
CHAPP is a commonly used acronym that can be applied to this content to help remember the five key characteristics of a learner.
An athlete has been told by their coach that they need to train more, because if they do not get faster they will not qualify for the Regional Cross-Country Championships. What form of motivation is this?
Negative motivation is characterised by an improvement in performance out of fear of the consequences of not performing to expectations. Extrinsic comes from someone external.
Which structure in a synovial joint is primarily responsible for providing stability within the joint?
Ligaments are well-defined, fibrous bands that connect bone to bone. They are designed to assist the joint capsule to maintain stability in the joint by restricting excessive movement, but can also control the degree and direction of movement that occurs.
Which of the following is an example of internal force?
Sit-up
Internal forces are those that develop within the body; that is, by the contraction of a muscle group causing a joint angle to decrease (for example, the contraction of the quadriceps when kicking a football).
An athlete is using the aerobic energy system. What is the likely duration of their performance while using this system?
The aerobic energy system supports low to medium-intensity activities that can last from a few minutes up to several hours, providing a sustainable energy source for prolonged efforts.
What is an example of a discrete, serial and continuous skill in that order?
• Discrete skills are brief, well-defined actions that have a clear start and end, such as passing a ball.
• Serial skills involve a sequence of movements that are combined to perform a more complex skill, like the triple jump in athletics.
• Continuous skills have no obvious beginning or end, allowing the action to be repeated continuously, such as running.
Passing a ball, triple jump, running, is correct as these examples fit the definitions of discrete, serial, and continuous skills respectively
What is the definition of self-regulation?
Self-regulation involves individuals consciously constraining unwanted thoughts or behaviours in order to focus on the task at hand and achieve the desired goal or result.
When air is breathed in, which structure does it pass through after the trachea?
After entering the chest cavity or thorax, the trachea divides into a right and a left bronchus (bronchial tube), which lead to the right and left lungs respectively.
Which of the following is not a strategy to absorb force when catching a cricket ball?
A. Using protective gloves B. Standing with arms extended C. Bending the arms in towards the body D. Walking backwards in the direction of the ball
B
In the process of catching, a force is exerted by the ball on the hand and a force is exerted by the hand on the ball. To increase the catching distance and thereby absorb the force more effectively, we can use a number of techniques
Macronutrients include which of the following?
A. Protein, fats, vitamin D B. Carbohydrates, fats, protein C. Carbohydrates, calcium, iron D. Protein, carbohydrates, vitamin B
B
Macronutrients are the main nutrients in the foods we eat and are the main fuel sources for the energy systems.
A national tennis coach records the training session of their elite athlete to review at the conclusion of the session. What type of feedback are they receiving?
This feedback focuses on the quality and pattern of the movement during the performance, rather than the result or outcome. It’s an important tool for coaches to help athletes improve their technique and performance.
Explain how a person’s identity could affect their participation in sport in a positive way.
Aperson’s identity is largely shaped by their family at a young age. If their family values participating in physical activity, they will expose their children to it at a young age and establish positive attitudes towards being active. This will have a positive impact on the individual and is likely to result in them joining a sport and feeling like it is part of their identity, such as being a netballer or a football player.
Using an example, outline the difference between the joint actions of flexion and extension.
Flexion — decreasing the angle of the joint; for example, bending the knee joint • Extension — increasing the angle of the joint; for example, straightening the knee
Discuss the difference between speed and velocity, providing examples
Speed is defined as the rate of change in distance with respect to time. The average speed of a body is obtained by dividing the displacement by the time. Displacement is the movement of a body from one location to another in a particular direction; for example, a 400m sprinter who completes the event in a time of 50 seconds would have a speed of 400/50 = 0.8m/s. Velocity is the rate of change in displacement with respect to time. If the sprinter starts and finishes the event at the same point, the velocity would be 0/400m = 0m/s. Another example of velocity is in tennis; measurement of the ball through the air uses velocity, which considers the horizontal and vertical direction of the ball.
Outline how the heart responds to an increase in exercise.
Heart rate increases with an increase in exercise. It increases according to the intensity of exercise effort. During short-term (5 to 10 minutes) moderate exercise or when moving from an inactive to an active state, our heart rate rises sharply. This is to pump blood out to the body and working muscles, providing them with oxygen. Therefore an increase in cardiac output.
Which types of practice methods are most suitable for a cognitive learner?
A. Distributed, part and blocked
B. Distributed, part and random
C. Massed, whole and blocked
D. Massed, part and random
D. Massed, part and random
This approach allows for ample rest between sessions (distributed), breaks down complex skills into manageable parts (part), and focuses on one skill at a time to ensure mastery before moving on to another (blocked)
Assess the importance of young athletes being exposed to various types of motivation.
In young athletes, quality execution of movement skills, as well as enjoyment and satisfaction, need to be the focus in training and performances. This is why they must be exposed to various types of motivation rather than solely focusing on extrinsic rewards. Many sports competitions involving young children do not involve matches being scored or finals being held at the end of the season. Attachment to these values of fun and satisfaction ensures that children continue to enjoy physical activity as they grow older. However, a focus on extrinsic rewards or negative motivation, such as prizes and monetary incentives or a fear of retribution if one’s performance is not up to standard, can turn the purpose of activity into an end rather than a means. Studies reveal that most children and adolescents participate further and are rewarded more fully as a result of positive, intrinsic motivation rather than other factors. The sport or activity provides a continuing source of enjoyment, sufficiently motivating the individual to sustain their effort and interest.
What are minerals in foods and why should they be included in a person’s diet.
And are they micronutrients or macronutrients?
Minerals are inorganic nutrients that play a vital role in proper bodily function and wellbeing. They include calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium, along with smaller trace elements such as copper, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium and zinc. Like vitamins, minerals are found only in small quantities in the body and need to be consumed through a wide variety of foods in the diet. Without minerals in a person’s diet, many health complications can arise such as osteoporosis in relation to a lack of calcium.
Outline the signs and symptoms of dehydration.
Dehydration is an excessive loss of water and occurs when there is a loss of fluid from the body and not enough fluid has been consumed to replace it, for example, a marathon runner sweating during competition who does not drink enough water to maintain hydration. Signs and symptoms of dehydration include fatigue, decreased performance, nausea, headache and thirst. Muscle cramps may occur along with weakness and dizziness.
What is the FITT principle.
The FITT principle embodies a fitness principle that ensures a training program has the quantity and quality of movement necessary to produce the desired physical improvement. It has four elements, including frequency, intensity, time and type.
Outline the difference between each of the following.
a. Open and closed skills
b. Discrete and continuous skills
c. A self-paced and an externally paced skill
Open skills occur in an environment that is unpredictable and frequently changing, whereas closed skills occur in an environment that is stable and predictable.
b. Discrete skills have a distinct beginning and end that can be identified, whereas continuous skills have no distinct beginning or end.
c. Self-paced skills are movements for which the performer determines the timing and speed of execution; externally paced skills are movements for which the performer determines the timing and speed of execution.