Descriptive Studies
Study design consisting of a group of people who share common signs and/or symptoms, but there is not a comparison group.
What is a case series
Following outcome to exposure
What is case-control
Analytical study in which the cases serve as their own controls but periods of time are different.
What is case-crossover study
Type of experimental study that uses in vitro or animal models.
What is laboratory or basic study design
Of the three types of review articles, this one cannot be used to make recommendations but often acts as a nice "encyclopedia" about a topic
What is a literature/narrative review
Study design in which the prevalence of disease and/or exposure can be calculated.
What is cross-sectional (could also be community survey)
Better for examining a rare disease which could be extracted information from hospital registries.
What is case-control
The term used to describe controls in a case-control study that are from the community and can sometimes be a best friend or spouse
What are non-hospitalized controls
Type of experimental study in which the patients are usually healthy and the goal is primary prevention.
What is a field trial
Type of review in which a specific question is being investigated and similar studies are pooled and statistically analyzed to determine an overall effect
What is meta-analysis
A low cost, short duration, ability to measure prevalence, and provides insights into future studies are strengths of what type of study design.
What is a cross-sectional study
The two common methods to sample in this study design include sampling by exposure and sampling unrelated to the exposure.
What is cohort
Two "good" things that happen as a result of matching more than one control to a case.
What is increasing statistical power and increasing generalizability of observed association
An experimental study in humans in which the intervention/treatment is not controlled by the researchers but instead is often a policy that has been implemented.
What is a natural experiment
What are two methods to increase patient compliance in randomized controlled trials?
What is better incentives, directly observing treatment, monitoring treatment (ie, pill intake), using objective measures to assess compliance (eg, biomarkers), etc
A potential issue of generalizing associations seen at the group level and extrapolating them to the individual level.
What is ecological fallacy
This analytical study design can often suggest temporality
What is a cohort study
Of the following epidemiological measures which cannot be calculated from a cohort study: cumulative incidence, prevalence, relative risk, odds ratio, attributable risk, hazard ratio
What is prevalence
Clinical phase that consists of only a few hundred patients in which safety and efficacy of a treatment are being investigated.
What is clinical phase II
Term used when a researcher(s) purposely selects studies based on result (positive, negative, or neutral) to be examined in a systematic review or meta-analysis
What is cherry-picking
Case surveillance in which the health professionals/researchers are actively seeking out cases.
What is active surveillance
The cheapest to conduct of the two major analytical studies
What is a case-control
Analytical study in which a control(s) is immediately matched to a case that develops at the same time from the main cohort.
What is a nested case-control study
Two potential weaknesses of experimental studies using humans
What is: May not be representative of real life, Issues of dropout, Susceptible to non-compliance, Large sample size sometimes needed, Cost, Ethical concerns
A benefit of performing an RCT nested with a cohort study.
What is it is easier to recruit participants; there is a lot of participant information as they are continuously measured in the cohort study.