Pelvic Limb
Thorax/Abdomen
VAN's (Veins, Arteries, and Nerves)
Bones
Ligaments
Random (Fr exam questions this time)
100

The most proximal action of the Cranial Thigh Group

Flex the hip joint

100

What makes up the external rectus sheath and the internal rectus sheath?

External: aponeurosis of External Abdominal Oblique and Internal Abdominal Oblique

Internal: Aponerosis of the transverse abdominus.

100

The vein that returns cardiac blood to the right atrium

The great cardiac vein

100

What is the most caudal irregular bone in the thorax?

Xyphoid Process

100

The primary function(s) of the Meniscus

1. Shock Absorption

2. Correct the incongruency between Femur and Tibia

100

What are the heart pressures in the atriums, left ventricle, and right ventricle?

A: 0-4 mmHg

RV: 25 mmHg

LV: 120 mmHg

200

Originating from the medial condyle of the femur, what is the primary function of this muscle group? Name one muscle from the antagonistic group.

Flex the tarsal and digital joints

Cranial Tibia, Long Digital Extensor, Peroneus Longus

200

Name the most caudal parietal pleura in the thoracic cavity. What is the major function of the organ that rest beneath this pleura?

Diaphragmatic Pleura


Primary function of diaphragm is to create negative pressure and draw air into the lungs for inspiration.
200

Just between the vagosympathetic nerve and the vagus nerve is a junction of neuron cell bodies. Identify this structure and its more dorsal counterpart. What connects these 2 structures?

The middle cervical ganglion and the cervicothoracic ganglion. These are connected by the Ansa Subclavia.

200

What is unique about T11?

It is the landmark thoracic vertebrae that points directly upward. Only has 1 costal fovea, No Intercapital Ligament

200

Name the ligament ventral to the Splenius and Transversospinalis system that aids the epaxial muscles. 

Name the attachments of this ligament and its difference in the dog and cat. 

Nuchal Ligament

Spinous Process of the Axis and T1

Cats do not have a nuchal ligament

200

List the layers of the pericardium from out to in. Name the type of material that makes up the middle layer.

Mediastinal Pleura, Fibrous Pericardium, Parietal Pericardium

Fibrous Pericardium is composed of Collagenous Connective Tissue

300

Name the specific muscle parts of the cranial thigh group. What is the primary function of this group? Where do they insert? and what is the most proximal action?

vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, illiopsoas

Primary function to extend the stifle joint. Proximal action of flexing the hip joint

300

Which muscles are utilized in expiration? Name their fiber directions. Is this a passive or forced action? explain the difference.

External Abdominal Oblique

Internal Abdominal Oblique

Transversus Abdominus

Forced Action; difference is when you relax your inspiratory muscles, you will passivley exhale. Abdominal Press is considered forced experiation.

300

What classification of the autonomic nervous system are the fibers that compose the recurrent laryngeal nerve? Where does the recurrent laryngeal nerve branch from? What does that mean for the for the fibers of this parent nerve?

Parasympaethic fibers.

Branches from the Vagus Nerve and that means the vagus nerve is also a parasympathetic nerve.

300

Describe the function of the Intercapital Ligaments

Where would these ligaments be present, and what typical disease process occurs where they are not present?

Intercapital Ligaments strengthening effect on the dorsal part of the annulus fibrosis 

Present between ribs 2-10; therefore, the cervical, lumbar, and T10-T13 regions... are more likely to develop IVDD. 
300

A 7-year-old Siberian Husky presents to the clinic after a rough play sesh at the local park. The patient is observed to have lameness in the left hind limb. It is suspected that there may be damage to the intracapsular ligament that attaches to the cranial tibia. What test is performed to support this suspicion? Explain how to perform this test, and the name of the associated damaged ligament.

Cranial Drawer Test- Cranial Cruciate Ligament

Place fingers on 4 landmarks (head of fibula, tibial tuberosity, patella, and lateral condyle of the femur) and push with thumb to observe signs of cranial movement. 

300

IDENTIFY

Trachea

400

which muscle of the rump does not contribute to medial rotation of the limb; where does it originate and where does it insert. what other muscle of the pelvic limb shares a similar origin with this muscle?

Superficial Gluteal Muscle M.

Sacrotuberous lig and sacrum; Biceps Femoris is similar to the sacrotuberous ligament

Inserts on 3rd trochanter; 

400

Name the part of the left lung

Name the parts of the right lung

How many lobular bronchi are present in the right and left lung respectively.

What significant landmark is between the cranial and middle lobe of the right lung?


Left: Cranial head of the cranial lobe, Caudal head of the cranial lobe, Caudal lobe; 2 lobar bronchi

Right: Cranial lobe, Middle lobe, Caudal lobe, accessory lobe; 4 lobar bronchi

The cardiac notch


400

During a lateral neck surgery, a patient develops shoulder droop and difficulty elevating the scapula. Which cranial nerve is most likely injured, and why might we notice a shoulder droop and difficulty elevating the limb?

The accessory nerve; its the sole innervation of the trapezius

400

Name the blacked out structure, what runs through this and where does it attach.

Extensor Groove of Tibia; tendon of origin of the long digital extensor; extensor fossa of femur

400

The ligament that connects the aorta to the pulmonary trunk is called?

What is the significance of this ligament in utero?

Ligamentum Artieriosum

It serves as the ductus arteriosus in utero and bypasses the pulmonary trunk and goes straight to the aorta.

400

what structure directs blood flow from the vena cave deep into the atrium?

intervenous tubercle

500

List all muscles of the crus. Their origins and insertions. Which muscle is not present in dogs but is present in cats?


This Answer is Long and Wordy; we can talk this through after.

Craniolateral: Cranial Tibia; Long Digital Extensor; Peroneus Longus

CT: lateral proximal tibia.... plantar proximal metatarsal 1&2

LDE: Extensor Fossa of Femur.... Extensor Process of Digits

PL: lateral condyle of tibia and proximal fibula.... plantaroproxiomal aspect of metatarsals

Caudal Crus: Gastrocnemius, Superficial Digital Flexor, Deep Digital Flexor, Popliteus; Soleus (only in the cat)

G: Caudal Distal Femur....Tuber Calcanei

SDF: Lateral Supracondylar tuberosity of femur....tuber calcanei and plantar proximal aspects of metacarpals 2-5

DDF: Caudal Aspects of tibia and fibula....distal phalanges

Popliteus: Popliteal Fossa of Femur... proximal medio aspect of the femur

500

When making a paracostal incision that goes through the lungs and into the heart, name the layers you would go through in order from out to in.

External Intercostal; 

Internal Intercostal

Pulmonary/Visceral Pleura 

Lung

Pulmonary/Visceral Pleura

Mediastinal Pleura

Fibrous Pericaridum

Parietal Pericardium

Epicardium

Myocardium

Endocardium 

500

The transverse foramen is located between C1-C6 and allows for passage of what 3 important structures? 

One of these structures carries oxygenated erythrocytes and is a branch of which major vessel? 

Vertebral VAN

left subclavian artery

500

Between which intercostal spaces is the dog heart located? what about the cat?

Between ICS 3-6 in dog; and ribs 4-7 in cats

500

List the 10 ligaments of the stifle joint.

Which of the extracapsular ligaments are fused to the meniscus of its side?

Lateral Collateral and Medial Collateral (medial is fused to meniscus)

Cranial Cruciate and Caudal Cruciate

Meniscofemoral, Transverse

Meniscotibial (Cranial and Caudal = 4 total)



500
Describe the direction of flow of blood within the heart. identify the 2 structures that are important to the neonate within the heart.

RA - RV - PT- PA-Lungs-PV-LA-LV-Aorta

Fossa Ovale

Ligamentum Arteriousus

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