Fundamentals of Inclusion
This law mandates that a free and appropriate education be provided to all students with disabilities.
What is the IDEA?
Addition of reinforcing stimulus following a behavior that makes it more likely that the behavior will occur again in the future.
What is positive reinforcement?
The federal district court for the District of Columbia ruled that tracking was unconstitutional, as it segregated students on the basis of race and/or economic status.
What is Hobson v. Hansen(1967)?
This instructional technique alters the content of the curriculum as well as the ways students are taught.
What is modifications?
Assigned at the end of the day, or end of a class period, require students to demonstrate something they have learned, or to process some part of the day's lesson.
Requires schools to educate students with disabilities as much as possible with their peers who do not have disabilities.
An explicit instruction model where teachers strategically transfer the responsibility in the learning process. I do, We do, and you do.
What is gradual release model?
A consent agreement established that all students with mental retardation in PA have a right to a free public education and that placement in a general education classroom and school is preferable to more segregated placements.
What is Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Citizens (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1972)?
Allow you to differentiate your assessments to meet the strengths and challenges of individual students.
What is tiered assignments?
Variations in testing administration, environment, equipment, technology, and procedures that allow students to access tests and accurately demonstrate their competence, knowledge, and abilities without altering the integrity of the tests.
What is testing accommodations?
It involves delivering and monitoring specially designed and coordinated set of comprehensive, evidence-based, and universally designed instructional and assessment practice and related services to students with learning, behavioral, emotional, physical, health, or sensory disabilities.
What is special education?
Two teachers working together with groups of students;sharing the planning, organization, delivery, and assessment of instruction, as well as the physical space.
What is co-teaching?
The U.S. Supreme Court extended the concept of equal educational opportunity to include special language programs for English Language Learners.
What is Lau v. Nichols (1974)?
Breaking down comments and concepts that students do not understand or tasks that students have difficulty performing into smaller components that promote understanding or mastery.
What is scaffolding?
Students working in collaborative groups take a test, and each student receives the group grade. Students work individually for a second test, then grades are averaged together.
What is two tiered testing?
The partial or full time programs that educated students with disabilities with their general education peers.
What is Mainstreaming?
A process for planning units of instructional by which you determine the assessments to evaluate your students' learning first.
What is backwards design?
The Supreme Court ruled that the IDEA was designed to provide students with disabilities reasonable opportunities to learn but that it did not require school districts to help them reach their potential.
What is the Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson School District v. Rowley (1982)?
To accommodate the diverse learners in classrooms, educators differentiate the following five things.
What is content, process, product, affect, and learning environment?
A condition characterized by extreme stress, nervousness, and apprehension that significantly impairs their ability to perform on tests or other types of evaluative activities.
What is text anxiety?
1. All learners and equal access
2. Individual strengths and challenges and diversity
3. Reflective, universally designed, culturally responsive, evidence-based, and differentiated practices
4. Community and collaboration
What are the principles of effective inclusion?
A philosophy that brings diverse students, families, educators, and community members together to create schools and other social institutions based on acceptance, belonging, and community.
What is inclusion?
The Supreme Court ruled that IDEA entitles students with disabilities to necessary non medical services regardless of their cost to the school district
What is Cedar Rapids Community School District v. Garret F. (1999)?
A method of teaching that involves a dialogue between a teacher and students.
What is reciprocal teaching?
This method is used to examine students' responses to identify areas of difficulty and patterns in the ways students approach a task.
What is error analysis?