Is the glass half full or empty?
List three assessment findings that occur with fluid volume deficit (dehydration).
Hypotension, tachycardia, weak peripheral pulses, dry mucous membranes, LOC changes, flat neck veins, tachypnea, low grade fever, small amounts of concentrated urine
When the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System (RAAS) is activated, what happens to the blood vessels to restore adequate perfusion?
Vasoconstriction
What are the two main types of IV fluids?
Crystalloids and Colloids
Which body system is most severely compromised in a patient with hyperkalemia?
Cardiovascular
If a patient is being administered IV Magnesium, what should the nurse assess hourly?
DTR
List three assessment findings consistent with fluid volume excess (overhydration).
Weight gain, pitting edema, bounding pulse, distended neck veins, hypertension, tachypnea, SOB, crackles, headache, parasthesia, pale/cool skin, altered LOC
What is the obligatory urinary output hourly?
30mL
Give an example of a Colloid fluid.
FFP, Albumin
Which diuretic is given to patients with hypernatremia due to it being sodium wasting?
HCTZ
What is a neuromuscular assessment finding in a patient with hypercalcemia?
severe muscle weakness, decreased DTR, confusion/lethargy
How is mild/moderate dehydration treated?
PO fluids (water and other non-caffeinated beverages, oral hydration solutions)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the anterior pituitary and helps to maintain ___ and ___.
BP and fluid volume
Give an example of a hypertonic fluid.
D10W, D5NS, D51/2NS, D5LR, 3 % or 5% Saline
A nurse is caring for a patient with hypokalemia who is receiving a potassium sparing diuretic. What is an example of a potassium sparing diuretic?
Aldactone
What type of diuretics excrete calcium?
Loop diuretics
What type of diet would the nurse expect a patient to be on if they have fluid volume excess?
Low Sodium
Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex when sodium levels are ____ in the extracellular fluid, preventing ___ and ___ loss.
low, sodium and water
If a patient is admitted with severe dehydration related to vomiting a diarrhea, what fluid type would the nurse expect to be ordered?
Isotonic
A nurse is caring for a patient who is being treated for severe hyponatremia. The patient is receiving 3% Saline IV and a diuretic that excrete water and leave sodium. What three things would the nurse monitor for with this patient?
Fluid overload, Potassium loss, elevated sodium levels
What are the three neuromuscular assessment findings consistent with hypocalcemia?
Positive Chvostek's, Positive Trousseau's, and Tetany
What three things should we teach a patient to report to the physician related to fluid volume excess?
What are the four signs of low perfusion monitored by the kidneys? Low.....
Volume, Oxygen, Pressure, Sodium
Which of the three types of Crystalloid fluids has an osmolality equal to blood?
Isotonic
A patient with hypernatremia may have ____ deep tendon reflexes.
Decreased or absent
In a patient with hypomagnesemia, what is the cause of the cardiovascular and neuromuscular manifestations?
Cardio- electrical conduction issues
Neuro- increased nerve impulse transmission