Biomolecules & Enzymes
This macromolecule provides short-term energy to cells and has a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
What are carbohydrates?
Referred to as the "powerhouse of the cell," this organelle performs cellular respiration to produce ATP energy.
What is the mitochondria?
This is the process by which living organisms maintain a stable internal balance despite changing external conditions
What is homeostasis?
According to the 10% Rule of ecological energy transfer, what happens to the remaining 90% of energy as it passes between trophic levels?
What is lost as heat or used for metabolic life processes?
A species that has a disproportionately large impact on maintaining the structure and biodiversity of its ecosystem is known as this.
What is a keystone species?
These are the building blocks (monomers) of proteins
What are amino acids?
This membrane-bound sac inside animal cells contains digestive enzymes used to break down waste, old cell parts, and debris.
What is a lysosome?
All living organisms are made up of one or more of these microscopic structural and functional units
What are cells?
In an energy pyramid starting with grass at 7,500 kcal, this is the amount of energy available to the primary consumers.
What is 750 kcal?
When the removal of a top predator affects multiple lower trophic levels throughout an entire ecosystem, it causes this phenomenon.
What is a trophic cascade?
This macromolecule makes up the cell membrane bilayer, provides long-term energy storage, and helps insulate sea otters.
What are lipids?
This organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into vesicles for transport out of or within the cell.
What is the Golgi apparatus (or Golgi body)?
All living organisms store their genetic instructions using this universal molecule, which is passed down from parents to offspring.
What is DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)?
This type of population growth occurs when resources are unlimited, resulting in a distinct "J-shaped" curve.
What is exponential growth?
The process by which toxins (such as DDT or domoic acid) become increasingly concentrated in the tissues of organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain is called this.
What is biomagnification (or biological magnification)?
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering this specific type of energy required to start the reaction.
What is Activation Energy?
Name the three organelles directly involved in building, modifying, and packaging proteins in eukaryotic cells
What are Ribosomes, the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), and the Golgi Apparatus?
Over many generations, populations of living organisms undergo changes in their genetic traits to better suit their environment. What is this characteristic of life?
What is evolution (or capacity to evolve / adaptation)?
The maximum population size of a species that an ecosystem can sustainably support over time is called this.
What is carrying capacity (K)?
In the sea urchin predation lab, sea otters acted as this type of selective force by targeting larger urchins for maximum calories, resulting in natural selection favoring smaller urchin sizes.
What is a selective pressure?
When an enzyme is exposed to high temperatures or extreme pH changes, its shape changes and it can no longer bind to its substrate. This process is known as what?
What is becoming denatured?
According to this theory, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by a larger host cell.
What is the Endosymbiotic Theory?
Viruses contain genetic material (DNA or RNA) and can evolve over time. However, majority opinion in biology classifies viruses as non-living. State the primary reason why viruses fail to meet the standard criteria for life
What is because they are not made of cells, cannot reproduce on their own (require a host cell), or cannot carry out their own metabolism/energy processing?
Temperature, sunlight, and dissolved oxygen levels in a kelp forest are classified as these types of non-living ecosystem factors.
What are abiotic factors?
Natural selection drives evolutionary change based on fitness and survival traits. By contrast, what evolutionary mechanism changes a population's allele frequencies purely due to random chance, such as a natural disaster or bottleneck event?
What is genetic drift?