Respiratory System
What is the function of the alveoli?
They are the site of gas exchange where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is removed.
Name the four chambers of the heart.
Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.
What is the function of villi in the small intestine?
They increase surface area for nutrient absorption.
How does oxygen get from the lungs to the body’s cells?
Oxygen diffuses into blood in alveoli, binds to hemoglobin, and is carried by red blood cells.
What is atherosclerosis?
Plaque buildup in arteries that restricts blood flow.
What is the role of the diaphragm in breathing?
It contracts to expand the thoracic cavity, allowing air into the lungs.
Which valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle into the left atrium?
The mitral (bicuspid) valve.
What is peristalsis?
Involuntary muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract.
How is carbon dioxide removed from the body?
Transported in blood to lungs, diffuses into alveoli, and is exhaled.
How does COPD impair the respiratory system?
It causes long-term airflow blockage and difficulty breathing.
Describe the process of gas exchange in the lungs.
Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillaries; CO₂ diffuses from capillaries into alveoli.
Describe the differences between arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Arteries carry blood away, veins carry it back, capillaries allow gas/nutrient exchange.
What are the three main enzymes from the pancreas and what do they digest?
Amylase (carbs), Lipase (fats), Proteases (proteins).
How do the respiratory and cardiovascular systems maintain homeostasis?
By exchanging gases and transporting oxygen and nutrients.
What are some effects of heart failure?
Fluid buildup, fatigue, organ damage due to poor circulation.
What is the path that air takes from the nose to the alveoli?
Nasal cavity → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli.
What is the path that blood takes from the body through the heart and back.
Body → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Lungs → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Body.
Where is bile made and stored?
Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
How does heart failure affect other systems?
Reduced pumping leads to poor oxygen/nutrient delivery and waste buildup.
What can happen if a heart valve malfunctions?
Backflow of blood, reduced efficiency, and potential heart strain.
How does asthma affect the respiratory system?
It causes airway inflammation and constriction, reducing airflow and gas exchange.
What is the correct order of electrical conduction in the heart?
SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers.
Which organs are involved in protein digestion and what enzymes are used?
Stomach (pepsin), small intestine (trypsin).
What role does the circulatory system play in digestion?
It transports absorbed nutrients from the digestive tract to cells.
Name a digestive disease that affects absorption.
Celiac disease—damages villi, impairing nutrient absorption.