Unit 1
What are cell membranes made of?
Phospholipid bilayer
Name 3 functions of proteins in the cell.
Catalysis of reactions, Defense, Movement, Signaling, Structure, & Transport.
What is the first step in cellular respiration and what does it require?
- glycolysis
- requires glucose and NAD+ and ATP
In what phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
S Phase
What state is Rochelle from?
Rhode Island
Which of these molecules could pass through the cell membrane on their own? Select all that apply.
Glucose
O2
K+
H2O
O2 and H2O
What does a kinase do?
substrate-level phosphorylation
What is the name of the enzyme that prevents the over-twisting of DNA in replication?
topoisomerase
Differentiate between an INDEPENDENT and DEPENDENT variable.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE - something that is manipulated or changed in the experiment that is expected to have an effect on the dependent variable.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE - a measured variable, something that is expected to change as a result of the introduction of the independent variable.
What is the difference between passive and active transport?
- Passive transport is when substances diffuse across a membrane in the absence of an outside energy source, typically down a concentration gradient.
- Active transport is when transmembrane proteins use energy (ATP) to pump substances against their concentration gradient
What do you call the process in which a substrate binds to the secondary site of an enzyme (not its active site), and prevents it from functioning normally?
allosteric (non-competitive) inhibition
What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?
- Autotroph: produce its own energy
- Heterotroph: consumes energy from other sources
In what phase of the cell cycle do sister chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes?
Anaphase
Who is the main author on your textbook?
Scott Freeman
What is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane?
- Cholesterol imbeds itself in the membrane and reduces membrane fluidity and decreases the permeability
Which level of polypeptide structure exists in some proteins, but not all?
Quaternary structure
When, why, and where does the lactic acid fermentation process occur?
When: there is a lack of oxygen
Why: oxygen isn't present to accept electrons, so electron carriers can’t go through cycle more than once. Fermentation frees up NAD+ to continue glycolysis.
Where: in cytoplasm, along with glycolysis
When G1 cyclins are in high concentration and activate the Cdk, what happens to the cell?
the cell goes into S phase (the Cdk phosphorylates the Rb protein, so the pool of E2F directs the cell forward in the cycle)
- Mondays after lunch (12:50p-1:40p)
- Thursdays after 2nd (2:45p-3:30p)
[sometimes - Wednesdays after 2nd (10:00a-10:45a)]
Name one storage polysaccharide and one structural polysaccharide (can be plants or animals).
Storage - starch or glycogen
Structural - cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycan
What types of interactions make secondary structure? What types form tertiary structures?
- Secondary structure: only include hydrogen bonds between parts of the backbone.
- Tertiary structure include hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds, and LDFs interactions between the R-groups.
Give an example of something that can feed on organism at all trophic levels.
What is the name of the large macromolecular machine in which DNA replication enzymes are joined into?
What is the scientific name for Kingworms (mealworms)?
Zophobas morio