Solutions
What are the three factors that affect solution formation rate?
Temperature, agitation, surface area
What are the units for molarity?
mol/L (moles of solute per liter of solution)
What are the units for molality?
mol/kg (moles of solute per kilogram of solvent)
What are the three factors that affect gas behavior?
Pressure, Temperature, Volume
This process describes the movement of gas particles through a tiny hole without collisions
Effusion
At lower temperatures, chloroform and water are ___________, meaning they can mix to a certain extent, but beyond that, they will form two separate layers. If the temperature increases, they become more soluble in each other.
partially miscible
A solution has a volume of 500 mL and contains 0.9 mol KCl. What is its molarity?
1.8 M
At the same solute concentration, which would have a greater effect on colligative properties: potassium chloride or calcium fluoride?
calcium fluoride
A scuba diver has 2.5 L of air at a pressure of 101.3 kPa at the surface. As they descend, the water pressure increases, and the air in their lungs compresses. If the pressure at a certain depth is 250 kPa, what will be the new volume of the air in their lungs?
1.01 L
At which temperatures (high/low) and pressures (high/low) do real gases behave closely to ideal gases?
High T and low P
A chilled soda was left on the counter and turned to room temperature. What happened to the solubility of the carbon dioxide in the beverage?
Decreased
You have a 6.0 M HCl solution. You want to dilute it to a 2.0 M concentration. How much of the original solution do you need to dilute to a final volume of 500 mL?
167 mL
Calculate the molality of a solution prepared by dissolving 20.0 g NaCl in 800 g of water.
0.428 m
A balloon has a volume of 2.0 L at a temperature of 25°C. If the balloon is placed in a freezer and the temperature drops to -10°C, what will be its new volume? Assume pressure remains constant.
1.77 L
A 10.0 L container holds a mixture of gases at a total pressure of 950 kPa. The container contains oxygen at 300 kPa and nitrogen at 500 kPa. What is the partial pressure of the third gas, argon, in the mixture?
150 kPa
At a temperature of 25°C, the solubility of oxygen in water is 0.0027 mol/L at a partial pressure of 1.0 atm. If the pressure of oxygen is increased to 2.5 atm, what will be the new solubility of oxygen in the water?
0.00675 mol/L
The molarity of NaCl in a 1.5 L solution is 0.75 mol/L. How many grams of NaCl are in the solution?
65.8 g
A solution is made by dissolving 10.0 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) in 100.0 g of water. What is the freezing point depression of the solution?
The freezing point depression constant (Kf) for water is 1.86°C·kg/mol.
6.36°C
A bicycle tire is inflated to a pressure of 350 kPa on a cool morning when the temperature is 15°C. After being ridden on a hot day, the air inside heats up by 30°C. What will be the new pressure inside the tire? Assume the volume remains constant.
386.4 kPa
A 2.5 L container holds 0.200 moles of a gas at a temperature of 26.85 degrees celsius. What is the pressure inside the container? Assume the gas behaves ideally.
199.4 kPa
A solution is prepared by isopropyl alcohol (C₃H₇OH) with 50 mL of acetone (C₃H₆O). After mixing, the total volume of the solution is found to be 75 mL. What is the percent by volume of isopropyl alcohol in the solution?
33.3%
What is the concentration of a solution with a volume of 15 mL that contains 3 grams of copper (II) chloride?
1.5 M
A solution is made by dissolving 25.0 g of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) in 150.0 g of water. What is the new boiling point of the solution?
The boiling point elevation constant (Kb) for water is 0.512°C·kg/mol.
100.47°C
A 2.0 L container of gas is at a temperature of 26.85 degrees celsius and a pressure of 150 kPa. The gas is transferred to a 3.0 L container and the temperature increases to 176.85 degrees celsius. What will the pressure be in the new container?
150 kPa
A mystery gas effuses 1.75 times faster than carbon dioxide under the same conditions. What is the molar mass of the mystery gas?
14.39 g/mol