Vocabulary
A period of European history marked by a revival of interest in classical art and ideas, signifying the end of the Middle Ages and transitioning to the Modern Era.
What is the RENAISSANCE.
This intellectual movement focused on human potential and achievements, emphasizing the study of classical subjects and a shift toward secular concerns.
What is HUMANISM.
The type of Humanism that developed in the North, focusing on piety, realism, and reforming society.
What is CHRISTIAN HUMANISM.
This corrupt practice involved the clergy frequently neglecting their official posts or parishes (Church districts).
What is ABSENTEEISM.
The long-term impact of printing the Bible in this type of language was that it undermined the clergy's exclusive role as religious interpreters.
What is the VERNACULAR.
The financial or material support from kings, popes, or wealthy families provided to artists, writers, and scholars during the Renaissance.
What is PATRONAGE.
The Medici family primarily acquired their immense wealth and influence through this commercial activity.
What is BANKING (or COMMERCE).
The lack of a unified political structure in Italy, dominated by these political units, caused its Renaissance art to focus more on individual achievement rather than social reform.
What are CITY-STATES.
The sale of these certificates was the immediate spark for Martin Luther's protest in 1517.
What are INDULGENCES.
This method of social control was utilized by both Catholic and Protestant areas to generate mass panic and execute perceived internal heretics.
What are WITCH HUNTS.
An individual, like da Vinci, who excelled in many fields and was the ideal form of this:
Who is a RENAISSANCE MAN.
The two main sources of power for the Borgia family in Rome, who used ruthless force to conquer territory.
What are through the CHURCH and MILITARY.
This specific political goal of Northern Renaissance art contrasted with the Italian goal of simply celebrating the dignity of the individual.
What is to REFORM SOCIETY.
This event was most responsible for a drop in the quality of church leaders because it necessitated the quick appointment of unqualified priests.
What is the BLACK DEATH.
Henry VIII's splitting from the Catholic Church, while inspired by Martin Luther's, was really the result of this desire.
What is an ANNULMENT of his first marriage.
The buying or selling of Church offices; a practice widely criticized as a sign of corruption in the Church.
What is SIMONY.
This is the movement away from religious matters to focus on the non-religious that was becoming more common in this era.
What is SECULARISM.
The political difference between the city-states of Italy and the North that influenced the spread of the Renaissance.
What are UNIFIED MONARCHIES (strong, centralized kingdoms).
The corrupt practices of the Church to raise funds were used to do this across Europe.
What are FUND CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS (like St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican).
The Spanish priest, Ignatius of Loyola, founded this movement within the Catholic Church to improve clerical education and missionary work in reaction to the Protestant Reformation.
What are the JESUITS (Society of Jesus).
The two specific goals of the Council of Trent: confirming Catholic beliefs and establishing these for a better-educated clergy.
What are SCHOOLS (or SEMINARIES).
This is how the Medici family maintained their political control, by keeping up the public illusion that Florence was still this type of government.
What is a REPUBLIC.
A key difference between the intended audiences of the Italian vs. Northern Renaissance artists was centered around their patronage; in the Italian version it was top-down and focused on beauty and aesthetics, while in the North it was:
What is DECENTRALIZED / DEMOCRATIC (BOTTOM-UP) and focused on REALISM / COMMON-PEOPLE / CHRISTIAN MORALITY.
The increase in these across the general population due to the spread of the printing press helped spur humanist ideas, Renaissance ideology, and criticisms of the Church structure.
What are LITERACY RATES among the general population.
These were three major effects of the Protestant Reformation across Europe.
What were:
- further FRAGMENTATION / SPLITTING into many groups
- the CATHOLIC CHURCH attempted to REFORM itself
- widespread PERSECUTION of minority groups (JEWS & WITCHES)