Introduction
The system that exhibits slow, long-lasting results(nervous or endocrine).
What is the endocrine system
Is the pancreas an exocrine or endocrine gland? why?
Both. Acinar cells release digestive enzymes into ducts and the pancreatic islets release hormones into the blood. What are the two hormones?
What is the alternate name for the pituitary gland? (b) How many lobes does the pituitary gland possess, and what are their respective names?
(a) Hypophysis. (b) 2, anterior or adenohypophysis and posterior or neurohypophysis.
What cells in the thyroid gland produce calcitonin
Parafollicular cells (= clear or C-cells)- located at the periphery of the follicles
The commonalities that exist in the overall function of the nervous system and endocrine system.
What is internal communication and chemical transmission
Define glycogenesis and clarify whether insulin or glucagon promotes or inhibits these metabolic reactions
Glycogenesis is the process by which glucose is converted into glycogen for storage in the liver and muscle cells. It is stimulated by insulin.
Which area in the diencephalon plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and serves as a link between the nervous and endocrine systems through the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
How are THs inactivated?
What is deiodonase D3
(A) what is a cell/tissue that has a receptor for that hormone and (b) a protein will be synthesized or the cell would start to divide.
Could you define glycogenolysis and clarify whether insulin or glucago prmotes or inhibits these metabolic reactions
Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, releasing it into the bloodstream to be used for energy. It is promoted by glucagon.
In relation to the hypothalamus, what is the portal system?
Specialized network of blood vessels that connects the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland.
(a) What are the two main thyroid disorders? (b) If the thyroid gland is not producing enough hormone, how is this classified—hypo- or hyperthyroidism?
Hypothyroidism (=underactive thyroid gland) and hyperthyroidism (=overactive thyroid). (b) Hypothyroidism.
What is the primary distinction between exocrine and endocrine glands and which type produces hormones
(A) exocrine glands release substances into a duct or opening to the inside or outside of the body and have extracellular effects.Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the blood that have intracellular effects. (b) Endocrine glands.
The trigger of release of glucagon from the liver and its primary functions
What is decrease of blood glucose levels (that happens after meals). It raises circulating glucose levels by promoting both the breakdown of glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis) & the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (gluconeogenesis)
Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, and GH from the anterior pituitary?
CRH-ACTH, TRH-TSH, GnRH-LH and FSH, GHRH-GH
(a) How is thyroglobulin from the colloid absorbed inside the thyroid cells for TH release, (b) which enzymes facilitate the release of TH from thyroglobulin? where?
(a) Endocytosis (pinocytosis) (b) Hydrolytic enzymes located in the lysosomes of the follicular cells.
For the following functions, name if they are hormone or electrically driven: Heart Rate, Breath Rate, Blood Sugar, Need to Urinate, Sleep, Metabolism
Electric, Electric, Hormone, Electric, Hormone, Hormone
Insulin resistance and which type of diabetes is charecterized by this state
Insulin resistance: unresponsiveness of the target cells to insulin. DM II.
Identify the organ or tissue targets for ACTH, TSH, GH, FSH, LH, and prolactin
ACTH-adrenal cortex, TSH-Thyroid, GH- bone and muscle, FSH/LH-gonads (testes and ovaries), prolactin-breast
What are the effects of TH on the reproductive system, skeletal muscle, brain, and bone?
It affects fertility, ovulation, and menstruatione; promote development of type II muscle fibers (fast-twitch, capable of fast and powerful contractions); needed for the maturation of brain, also affect mood; TH act synergistically with GH to stimulate bone growth