Endocrine Organs
Which gland is located in the brain and controls other glands?
Pituitary gland
What is the name of the condition caused by insufficient insulin production
Diabetes mellitus type 1
What type of stimulus is caused by nerve fibers stimulating hormone release?
Neural stimulus
Which part of the pituitary releases oxytocin?
Posterior pituitary
What are the two primary classifications of hormones?
Amino acid-based and steroid-based
Name the organ that produces insulin and glucagon.
pancreas
What is the condition caused by an underactive thyroid gland?
Hypothyroidism
Hyposecretion of TH in adults can lead to myxedema
• Symptoms include low metabolic rate, thick and/or dry skin, puffy eyes, feeling
chilled, constipation, edema, mental sluggishness, lethargy
• If due to lack of iodine, a goiter may develop
• Lack of iodine decreases TH levels, which triggers increased TSH secretion, triggering
thyroid to synthesize more and more unusable thyroglobulin
• Thyroid enlarges
What is an example of a hormonal stimulus?
TSH stimulates T3 and T4 release.
Which hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates ACTH release?
CRH
Name one function regulated by hormonal control that neural control cannot perform.
Long-term processes like growth or metabolism
Which gland is important to immune function and shrinks as you age.
Thymus
Which disorder results from excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults?
Acromegaly
What type of stimulus involves hormone release due to changing blood levels of ions?
Humoral stimulus
How does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary?
Through releasing and inhibiting hormones via the hypophyseal portal system
What kind of hormones act directly on DNA?
steroid hormones
Which gland regulates blood calcium levels? What hormone increases blood calcium?
Parathyroid gland, PTH
What disorder is caused by hypersecretion of glucocorticoids?
cushings syndrome
Depresses cartilage/bone formation and immune system; inhibits inflammation;
disrupts neural, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal function
• Causes: tumor on pituitary, lungs, pancreas, kidney, or adrenal cortex; overuse of
corticosteroids
• Cushingoid signs: “moon” face and “buffalo hump”
• Treatment: removal of tumor, discontinuation of drugs
Name the interaction where one hormone opposes the action of another? Explain how insulin and glucagon are an example of this.
Antagonism(insulin and glucagon)
Name all the posterior pituitary hormones and their functions.
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone ‘ADH’
Which adrenal hormone helps regulate electrolyte balance by increasing sodium resorption and potassium secretion?
Aldosterone
What small gland secretes melatonin?
pineal gland
What are the cardinal signs of Diabetes?
Three cardinal signs of DM:
• Polyuria: huge urine output
Glucose acts as osmotic diuretic
• Polydipsia: excessive thirst
From water loss due to polyuria
• Polyphagia: excessive hunger and food consumption
Cells cannot take up glucose and are “starving”
What gland uses both humoral and neural stimuli for hormone release?
Adrenal gland
Name all the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary and list their functions.
Growth hormone (GH)
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (tropic)
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (tropic)
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (tropic)
• Luteinizing hormone (LH) (tropic)
• Prolactin (PRL)
Which organ secretes hormones that regulate red blood cell production and what is the name of that hormone?
kidneys- erythropoietin