Hormones, Energy Regulation &

Hormones

100

Oxytocin is known as the _____ hormone

love

200

In general what do hormones control? 

growth, energy & metabolism

300

What is a hormone? 

chemical messenger, released by glands, that travels through the blood and tells your organs what to do

400

What creates the control center? 

Pituitary Gland & Hypothalamus

500

Name & Define 2 of the 10 hormones we talked about today 

situational. 

Blood Glucose

100

What is insulin? 

it is the key that lets sugar move from your blood into your cells for energy

200

What is type 2 diabetes? 

When the body resists or underuses insulin. 

300

What is Type 1 diabetes? 

Body makes little to no insulin

400

What is type 1 diabetes linked to and how is it managed? 

It is a congenital disease diagnosed in childhood and it is managed with insulin therapy

500

What is type 2 diabetes linked to and how is it managed?

diet and activity levels over the span of your life. Managed with diet, exercise and medicine

Urine

100

In Urine Results what does Dark urine mean?

Dehydrated

200

What is pH? bonus (100+) if you can name the scale and neutral value

pH is a scale from 0 to 14 that measures how acidic (below 7) or basic (above 7) a solution is, based on its hydrogen ion concentration, with 7 being neutral.

300

What is the Normative Specific Gravity values for urine results?

1.005 - 1.030

400

What does a positive result of Ketones indicate? 

Positive = body burning fat which might mean fasting, low-carb diets or uncontrolled diabetes

500

Name 4/5 reasons why a clinician would order a urine test

Hydration Status 

Glucose Levels 

Kidney Function 

Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) 

Pregnancy

Hydration

100

What are the 2 types of rehydration? 

Oral & Iv Fluids 

200

Why/When do people take IV Fluids 

for severe dehydration or when oral intake is not possible

300

What is Electrolytes? 

minerals like sodium and potassium that helps muscles & nerves function. Lost through sweat and must be replaced

400

What is the time that a capillary refill will take if someone is dehydrated?

over 2 seconds 

500

Name 4/5 signs of dehydration

Thirst

Dry Lips or Mouth

 Fatigue 

Dizziness 

Reduced urine output 

Slow Capillary refill 

Rapid Heart Rate 

Case Studies

100

Tyler, 16, finishes soccer practice in the heat. He has not had water in two hours. He is thirsty, his lips are dry, he is tired, and he sees stars when he stands up. His urine is dark yellow. Specific gravity 1.030. Glucose negative, ketones negative, protein negative. Diagnoses? 

Dehydration

200

Amara, 17, is about to present in front of the class. Her heart is pounding, she can feel it in her throat. Her hands shake, her breathing is fast and shallow, her mouth is dry, her pupils are wide. Two minutes after she sits down it fades. What hormone kicked in? 

Adrenaline, the fight or flight response.

• Hormone and gland: adrenaline, from the adrenal glands (1)
• Why the heart rate jumps: adrenaline tells the heart to pump harder and faster to push oxygen rich blood to the muscles (1)
• Why it fades: hormones are chemical messengers in the blood, and the signal stops when the trigger stops (1)

300

Denise, 46, is exhausted. She is thirsty all the time, she is up four times a night to use the bathroom, her vision has gone blurry, and she has lost weight over the past few months without trying. Urine: pale yellow. SG 1.015. Glucose positive 4+. Ketones trace. Protein negative. Fasting blood glucose 19. Diagnoses?

 

Undiagnosed diabetes, most likely type 2.

• Condition (1)
• Why glucose is in the urine at all: blood sugar got so high it overflowed past what the kidneys can reabsorb, so it spills into the urine (2)
• Why she is urinating constantly: that spilled sugar pulls water out with it, which is also why she is thirsty (1)
• Plan: refer for confirmatory bloodwork, then diet, activity, monitoring, medication if confirmed (1)

400

Ben, 17, type 1 diabetes. His insulin pump failed two days ago and he did not tell anyone. He is nauseated, he has vomited twice, his stomach hurts, and he is drowsy. His breath smells sweet, like nail polish remover. He is breathing deep and fast. Blood glucose 27. Urine ketones 4+. SG 1.030. Diagnoses? 

Diabetic ketoacidosis.

• Condition (1)
• First action: emergency, call 911. Fluids and insulin have to happen under medical supervision. (2)
• Why he is breathing like that: no insulin means his cells cannot use sugar, so his body burns fat instead and makes ketones, which are acidic. The deep fast breathing is him blowing off CO2 to fight the acid. (2)
• The trap: this looks like a stomach bug, and the vomiting sells it. Do not give him sugar. (1)

500

Sofia, 19, has been fasting since sunrise for a religious observance. It is now evening. She feels drained, her head hurts, and when she stood up quickly she went lightheaded and her heart raced for a few seconds. Urine: dark yellow. SG 1.028. Ketones positive 2+. Glucose negative. Protein negative. Blood glucose 4.6. Diagnoses? 

She is dehydrated and fasting. She does not have diabetes and she is not in DKA.

• Ketones are positive because she has not eaten, so her body is burning fat for fuel. That is what ketones mean. It is normal here. (2)
• The finding that rules out DKA: glucose is negative in the urine and her blood glucose is 4.6, which is normal. Ben had 27. Ketones alone do not diagnose anything. (2)
• Why she went lightheaded standing up: low fluid volume means less blood returning to the heart, so blood pressure drops briefly when she stands and the heart speeds up to compensate. (1)
• Plan: fluids and electrolytes when she breaks her fast, no emergency, no urgent workup (1)