Innate Immunity
The innate induced immune response takes up to this many days to work
4
If CD8+ or CD4+ T cells react to self antigen, they undergo apoptosis as part of this type of selection
Negative selection
In a type I hypersensitivity, these leukocytes are activated by IgE to release a variety of pro-inflammatory mediators
Mast cells
This lymph duct drains the left upper body and the entire lower body
Thoracic duct
More than this many infections per year is a sign of immunodeficiency
12
This complement pathway is the first to act
Alternative
Once B cells get activated, cytokines can help change IgM to IgG via this process
Isotype/class switching
This is the cutoff on an Immuno-CAP test at which you would consider not challenging the allergy
>50%
This is the test you order to check for a specific antibody (ie measles, mumps)
ELISA
This, given as an IV or subcutaneous injection, is the essential therapy to treat hypogammaglobulinemias.
IgG replacement therapy
The three functions of complement are MAC attack, recruitment of pro-inflammatory cells, and this
opsonization
This protects IgG from pinocytosis and lysosomal degradation as it moves from blood to the extracellular space
FcRn
In an ANA test, this is the last titre cut off to be considered a positive result (BONUS: if you have a positive ANA, you would then refer for this test).
1:160
ENA Testing
Backflow of lymph from the thoracic duct can pass into these nodes and cause enlargement, especially the left sided ones
Supraclavicular nodes
Howell-Jolly bodies an indicator of this
These are 2 of the 4 key cell types of the innate induced immune system
Any 2 of: tissue macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells
Positive selection ensures all T cells can recognize this surface protein
MHC (Class I or II)
This common effector molecule is released by mast cells and causes vasodilation and smooth muscle contraction
Histamine
Mr X has some enlarged lymph nodes around his trachea and bronchi and has noticed his voice sounds different lately. What nerve are they pressing on?
Recurrent laryngeal
A young boy presents with recurrent bacterial infections, including a bout of meningitis at 6 months of age, sepsis, and recurrent respiratory infections, but he does not have any issues with non-enterovirus infections. His sister does not have these recurrent infections. You diagnose him with this genetic disorder
X-linked Agammaglobulinemia (Bruton's)
This cytokine induces fat and muscle cells to metabolize, make heat, and raise the temperature of infected tissue
IL-6
B cell maturation and isotype switching happen in this part of the lymph node
Germinal centre
This drug is a monoclonal chimera antibody against CD20 on the surface of B cells, commonly used in treatment of autoimmune thrombocytopenia, SLE, vasculitis, and lymphoma.
Rituximab
A delayed-type hypersensitivity test measures this specific cell's response to a specific antigen.
Memory CD4+ T cell
This is the test done to neutrophils when Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) is suspected.