The Enlightenment
Nationalism and the Atlantic Revolutions
Industrialization Begins
Industrialization Spreads
Technology of the Industrial Age
Industry: The Government and the Economy
Reactions, Society, and the Industrial Age
100
The Enlightenment emphasizes the idea of a reciprocal relationship between rights and duties. Some argue that if individuals, particularly women, are denied certain rights, such as the right to vote, they should not be subjected to the obligation of paying taxes. This notion aligns with Enlightenment principles that advocated for a ____________, wherein individuals agree to be governed in exchange for protection of their ______________, fundamental, inherent rights that are considered to be inherent to human beings by virtue of their existence. These rights are often thought to be universal, inalienable, and not contingent on government or societal recognition. The argument reflects the Enlightenment belief that there should be a just and reciprocal relationship between citizens and the government, with the recognition of rights and corresponding responsibilities.
social contract
natural rights
100
TEAM CHALLENGE
The American Revolution was a complex event influenced by a combination of political, economic, social, and ideological factors. Some of the key causes include:
Team that names the most, wins the point.
Enlightenment Ideas
Taxation without Representation: Resentment grew among the American colonists due to taxes imposed by the British government, such as the Stamp Act (1765) and the Townshend Acts (1767), without giving the colonists representation in the British Parliament.
British Economic Policies: British mercantilist policies restricted colonial trade and economic development. The Navigation Acts and other trade regulations imposed by Britain were seen as oppressive and detrimental to colonial interests.
Restrictions on Western Expansion: The Proclamation of 1763 and subsequent policies limiting westward expansion angered colonists who sought to settle in the newly acquired territories after the French and Indian War.
Quartering Act: The Quartering Act of 1765 required colonists to provide housing and supplies to British troops, leading to tension between the military and civilians.
Ideological Influences: Enlightenment ideas, particularly those of John Locke and his concept of natural rights, inspired American colonists to seek greater political participation, representation, and protection of individual liberties.
Intolerable Acts: The Coercive Acts, referred to by the colonists as the Intolerable Acts, were a series of punitive measures imposed by the British government in response to events like the Boston Tea Party (1773). These acts further escalated tensions.
Boston Massacre: The killing of five colonists by British soldiers in 1770 heightened anti-British sentiment and contributed to the growing desire for independence.
Continental Congress: The convening of the First Continental Congress in 1774 united colonial leaders in opposition to British policies, serving as a platform for grievances and a precursor to the formal Declaration of Independence.
These factors, among others, created a climate of discontent that ultimately led to the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775. The desire for self-governance, individual freedoms, and representation in decision-making were central themes in the colonies' quest for independence from British rule.
100
During the early 18th century, most British families lived in rural areas, grew most of their food, and made most of their clothes. However, a commercial revolution happened and the establishment of maritime empires changed the nature of trade. Using raw cotton produced by slave labor in the Americas, the British developed this system, in which merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes. The weakness of this method was it was slow and demand required faster production...we'll eventually get machines to do the weaving.
cottage industry (aka the putting out system)
100
In the early industrial revolution, there was a dynamic shift in manufacturing. Shipbuilding, textiles, and iron supply prior to 1750 were supplied by this country, but shifted to Britain as the "British Miracle" allowed the Brits to undercut the global market. For many reasons, this country would go through a process called de-industrialization. De-industrialization in this country referred to the decline in the relative contribution of the industrial sector to the economy, marked by a reduced share of manufacturing in GDP and employment. This trend is influenced by factors such as the growth of the services sector, challenges in traditional industries, and global economic dynamics.
India
100
Depicted above, the SS Savannah was the first ship of its kind to cross the Atlantic Ocean with one of THESE.
steam engine
100
The shift from mercantilism to free-market trade policies didn't just effect states, but regular people, too. Mass culture developed a culture of _________________ as well as leisure time among the working and middle classes of society. For some, standards of living rose. Producers began to advertise heavily to the middle class, whose members had disposable income, money that can be spent on nonessential goods.
consumerism
100
Of the many profound changes from the Industrial Revolution, THIS made good cheaper, more abundant, and more easily accessible to a greater number of people than every before. This is a good thing, because workers in industrial society were - for the most part - low wage earners.
Mass production
200
Societal norms often assigned women lower status than the status of men throughout much of the world. However, women throughout the 18th and 19th century would strive for this _____________ (the right to vote in political elections).
This landmark event in the history, held in New York in 1848 was the first women's rights event in the United States. Organized by prominent revolutionary women, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, this event aimed to address issues of women's rights, including their lack of legal and social status. The attendees, both women and men, discussed and adopted the Declaration of Sentiments, a document modeled after the Declaration of Independence, which outlined the need for equal rights for women, including (the right addressed in the blank above). It is considered a catalyst for the women's movement in the United States. This would later provide greater educational opportunities to increase women’s economic independence.
suffrage
Seneca Falls Convention.
200
"We are not European; we are not Indian; we are but a mixed species of aborigines and Spainards. Americans by birth and Europeans by law, we find ourselves engaged in a dual conflict: we are disputing with the natives for titles of ownership, and at the same time we are struggling to maintain ourselves in the country that gave us birth against the opposition of the invaders."
-Simon Bolivar, speech to the Council of Angostura, 1819.
Who was Bolivar's intended audience?
Creoles (aka Criollos), people of European ancestry who were born in Latin America. Bolivar is also a creole. He is trying to rally fellow Creoles to stand up against the peninsulares class for rights in Latin America.
200
By the mid-18th Century, the ______________ and _______________ reduced the time needed to spin yarn and weave cloth. The first allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time. The other used waterpower to drive the other machine.
spinning jenny
water frame
200
By 1900, the United States was a leading industrial force in the world. This term was a key factor in US success. Globally, political upheaval and widespread poverty brought a large number of immigrants to the United States from Europe and East Asia. The construction of railroads facilitated the migration of people to interior regions. These immigrants, as well as migrants from rural areas of the United States provided the ______________ provided the labor force to work in the factories.
Human capital (aka the workforce)
200
The above stamp is from the very first one of these, it was completed in 1869 in Utah.
Transcontinental Railroad
200
The relationship between industry and centralized government was key to modernization in Japan, private investment from overseas also became important. In Japan, when new industries were flourishing, they were sold to these powerful Japanese family business organizations. These are similar to conglomerates in the United States. These would attract investors encouraging innovation in technology. Examples of these that still exist today are Toyota, Mitsubishi, Seiko, and others. These are another example of the adoption of innovative practices in banking and finance that allowed for states to industrialize.
zaibatsu
200
According to this political cartoon, what are the effects of industrialization? There are TWO answers.
Pollution (sewage and industrial run off in the river)
Spread of diseases (Cholera, tuberculosis, typhoid)
300
In the late 19th century, led by Theodor Herzl, the emergence of THIS nationalist desire for Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East after centuries of battling anti-semitism and the pogroms throughout Europe. Support for this movement grew after the Dreyfus Affair scandal became a global news story highlighting the corruption and deep-seeded anti-semitism throughout the government.
This movement would face many obstacles, as the land they wanted was controlled by the Ottoman Empire and Palestinian Arabs already lived in the region.
The modern country of Israel would be founded in 1948 as a result of this movement.
Zionism
300
There are two "Intellectual" Resistance (non-violent) movements cited as illustrative examples.
Lola Rodriguez de Tio (Puerto Rico) - poet that critiqued Spanish rule. Her home was a meeting place for educated political thinkers and revolutionary.
Propaganda Movement of Jose Rizal (Philippines) - spread of magazines, pamphlets, and other publications calling for autonomy from Spain, not Revolution
300
Eli Whitney created a system of ____________ for manufacturing firearms for the US Military. If a particular component of a machine were to break, the broken component could easily be replaced with a new, identical part. This method would be adopted by Entrepreneurs and repurposed for other products.
Later, Henry Ford would expand this concept of a division of labor by developing the moving ________________ to manufacture his Model T automobiles.
Interchangeable parts
assembly line
300
By 1900, Russia would have more than 36,000 miles of railroad connecting its commercial and industrial areas. This railroad stretched from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean allowing Russia to trade easily with countries in East Asia like China and Japan. Russian coal, iron, and steel helped support its development. Despite this progress, Russia's economy remained mostly agricultural until the Communists seized power in 1917. Nevertheless, it serves as an illustration of the significance of the state's active involvement in industrialization for certain nations.
Trans-Siberian Railroad
300
Known as The Rhodes Colossus, this art is a metaphorical representation of British imperial power during the late 19th century, particularly associated with Cecil Rhodes. It suggests the dominance of British influence in Southern Africa and Rhodes' ambitious vision of a Cape-to-Cairo railway connecting British territories across the continent. The metaphor underscores the expansionist and imperialistic ideals of the British Empire during this period, symbolizing the vast reach and control exerted by figures like Rhodes over significant portions of Africa. What's the "rope" he is holding in his hands?
telegraph line
300
Suffering from problems of overexpansion and failure to modernize, the Ottoman Empire underwent attempted coups, declining economic power, and weak leaders throughout the 1800s. In an attempt to modernize, this state of the Ottoman Empire introduced state-sponsored industrial projects such as textile mills, arms factories, and infrastructure development like the construction of canals. It also introduced land reforms to increase agricultural productivity, providing resources for industrialization. While these measures did contribute to some economic growth and modernization, they also resulted in increased state control, heavy taxation, and forced labor, causing social and economic challenges for to this state as British influence would continue to impact attempts at economic independence.
Egypt
300
The new labor patterns of the 18th and 19th centuryies that emerged saw the development of new class identities. At the bottom rungs of the social hierarchy were those who labored in factories and coal mines. Though they helped construct goods rapidly, these workers needed fewer skills, so managers viewed them as easily replaceable. They are known as THIS new term.
Working class (or the working poor)
400
The largest emancipation of this group of people in bondage took place in 1861. 23 million were freed after the abolition of this practice.
Serfs/Serfdom in Russia.
400
After the Congress of Vienna, nationalist movements strengthened as a result. The revolutions that followed were based on nationalism and liberalism. This state, whose leader favored a concept called "realpolitik" - political philosophy or approach that prioritizes practical and realistic considerations, often at the expense of moral or ideological principles - used nationalist feelings to engineer three wars to unify.
translates to "realistic politics" in English. Realpolitik emphasizes the pursuit of practical and concrete goals, such as power and national interest, rather than being driven by idealistic or ethical considerations.
Historically, realpolitik has been associated with pragmatic and often ruthless statecraft, where leaders make decisions based on a cold analysis of power dynamics, strategic interests, and geopolitical realities. It is often contrasted with idealism in foreign policy, which might prioritize moral principles or ideology over practical considerations.
Notable practitioners of realpolitik include political figures such as a key architect of [what is outlined above] in the 19th century, and Henry Kissinger, who served as the U.S. Secretary of State in the 20th century.
German Unification
400
TEAM CHALLENGE
Britain had many environmental and geographic advantages as well as political and social advantages that made it a leader in industrialization.
Name as many as you can. Winning team wins the points.
Access to water and seaways
Abundant Rivers
Mineral resources - Coal and iron
Empire - colonies that acted as sources of food, natural resources, raw materials, cheap labor, and markets.
Strong Navy (dominance on the seas = dominance in trade)
Laissez Faire Government
Patent Laws and Private Property Laws
Population of skilled workers in textiles
400
This term refers to the period during which the British East India Company, a trading company, exerted significant control over large parts of the Indian subcontinent. This era began in the mid-18th century, following the Battle of Plassey in 1757, and continued until the Indian (Sepoy) Rebellion of 1857. During this time, the East India Company gradually transformed from a commercial enterprise into a quasi-governmental entity, administering territories, collecting revenue, and maintaining its own military forces. The company's rule was marked by economic exploitation, cultural changes, and the imposition of British legal and administrative systems, laying the foundation for the later direct rule by the British Crown in India.
company rule
400
These are the "Breaker Boys"...it refers to children, often boys, who worked in coal mines during the 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in the United States and the United Kingdom. These children were employed to manually separate impurities from coal after it was brought to the surface. Working in harsh conditions, the breaker boys would sit along conveyor belts and pick out rocks, slate, and other debris from the coal. This dangerous and labor-intensive job exposed them to health hazards and the risk of injury. Child labor in coal mines drew attention to labor reforms and regulations aimed at improving working conditions and protecting the rights of young workers.
Name ONE technological development in the period 1750-1900 represented in the image?
Steam Engine - James Watt. The steam engine made coal an even more valuable resource and the mining of it it even more important to industrialization.
400
TEAM CHALLENGE
The market competition was distorted and consumers suffered due to the monopolistic practices employed by government-chartered joint-stock companies like the British South Africa Company.
Some corporations became so powerful that they could form a monopoly. Some became transnational companies - corporations that operate across national boundaries.
There are 5 of these monopolies/corporations listed in Topic 5.7. Team that names the most wins the points.
Standard Oil (Oil - USA - Rockefeller)
Krupp AG (Steel - Germany - Krupp)
DeBeers (Diamonds - Britain - Rhodes)
Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (Finance and Investment - Britain/Hong Kong)
Unilever (household goods - Britain/Dutch)
400
Under Sultan Mahmud II, the Ottoman system was changed. He abolished the corps of the Janissaries, developed new artillery from Europeans, abolished their feudal system, banned military officers from collecting taxes making it the job of the government and rooting out long-standing government corruption. These reforms also put a focus on secular education, codified laws making it easier for foreigners to do business, and a new edict that declared equality for all men in education, government, and justice. These reforms led to an increase in social tensions - especially from Sunni elites - as western and Islamic ideas often clashed. It was also an attempt by the Ottoman government to compete against industrializing European powers.
Tanzimat Reforms
500
Name one way in which Enlightenment thinkers in Britain and America were SIMILAR in the period 1750-1900.
Name one way in which Enlightenment thinkers in Britain and America DIFFERED in the period 1750-1900.
SIMILAR:
Montesquieu's check on power (Parliament/Congress over Monarchy/Executive Branch)
DIFFERED:
Abolitionism - slavery had died out in Britain while the United States still owned enslaved people.
500
This is a painting by Panagoitis Zografos and shows the Ottoman seige of the Acropolis. Aided by British, French, and Russian forces this ethnic group won their independence by 1832 after being under Ottoman control for over 350 years as a result of increased contact with the west - aka Enlightenment ideas.
Greeks
500
"The advances which gave this great economic change the name Industrial Revolution occurred in Great Britain, yet it would be contrary to the facts to regard the mechanization of industrial processes as strictly an English experience...England was the leading innovator of methods for rendering raw materials more useful to man, but it by no means had a monopoly of inventions. A Frenchman, Antoine Lavoisier, discovered the chemical nature of combustion...An American, Eli Whitney, invented the cotton gin. And a German, Justis von Liebig, determined the chief chemical components of plants and thus laid the basis for a chemical fertilizer industry."
-Shepard B. Clough, "The Industrial Revolution in England", 1972
Name one historical situation other than the one illustrated in the passage, that also demonstrates(supports) how an economic development in history was more than experience of a single country. You can also name a historical situation that challenges the view that the Industrial Revolution was more than "strictly an English experience."
Summary: While the Industrial Revolution is commonly associated with Great Britain, it is important to acknowledge that the mechanization of industrial processes was not exclusive to England; various innovators from different countries, such as a Frenchman, an American, and a German, contributed significantly to advancements in chemistry and technology during this transformative period.
Support:
European Exploration relied on technology from the Middle East, India, and China
The spread of nationalism from Europe to the Americas and eventually the world also supports this.
Challenges:
Contributions from British inventors (such as James Hargreaves, Richard Arkwright.
Growth of the coal industry.
Size of Britain's navy.
500
Key factors contributing to this industrial surge included the development of a well-established banking system, a skilled and disciplined workforce, and a comprehensive education system. The implementation of the Zollverein, a customs union among German states, facilitated the flow of goods and capital, promoting economic integration. Moreover, German industrialization was characterized by innovations and the development of new methods of production in _________, ________, _________. This economic transformation not only propelled Germany to become an industrial powerhouse but also laid the groundwork for its later geopolitical and economic prominence on the global stage.
Name 2 of the 3.
chemicals
steel
machinery
500
The Group in Last Place gets 500 points.
(if there is a tie, it goes to both)
Congrats for being in last place as of this question. Hopefully you're not in last anymore.
500
TEAM CHALLENGE
In early 1850s, US Commodore Matthew Perry sailed into the Tokyo Bay asking and later demanding the Japanese for trade privileges. The arrival of Perry caused Japanese leaders to realize the danger they and their culture was in. In an event known as the Meiji Restoration, the traditional forms of governance (shogun) in Japan was overthrown. Japan would systematically visit Europe and the United States and invite experts to Japan to study Western Institutions. It would eventually lead to a policy of imperial expansion that sought to take advantage of the political and military weakness of neighboring Asian states.
Japan would adopt THESE (specific) reforms that they were able to pay for with a higher agricultural tax. They would be able to rapidly grow their economy as a result.
There are 7 Meiji reforms. Team with the most gets the point.
Constitution: Charter Oath
Established Constitutional Monarchy with a Parliament.
Equality before the law; abolished cruel punishments
Re-organized the military, built a navy, and instituted conscription (mandatory military service for citizens)
Crewed new school system - focus on STEM
Built railroads and roads
Government subsidized industrialization - especially the important ones...like tea, silk, weaponry, shipbuilding, and sake (Japanese rice wine)
500
In the aftermath of the signing of the unequal treaties, the Qing Emperor, feeling pressure to modernize in the 19th century. It developed as a way for the government to face the internal and external problems confronting China. They would advance their military technology, by training Chinese artisans to manufacture items for the military as well as streamlining its tax collection internally as well as making a governmental branch to improve tariff collection. These reforms were met with mixed reviews, including by a future Empress, Cixi, who wanted to protect traditional Chinese society and government. This is an example of the conflict many state's felt as they tried to balance embracing the new realities brought to the world by Industrialization and Westernization while trying to maintain their unique state identity.
Self-Strengthening Movement