Urbanisation
What is the movement of people from rural areas into cities called?
Urbanisation
Name one problem with housing in industrial cities.
Overcrowding, dampness or poor ventilation.
What happened to England's population between 1801 and 1851?
It doubled from about 9 million to 18 million.
What type of machines powered much of Britain's industrial production?
Steam-powered machines.
Which social class included factory workers and labourers?
The working/lower class.
Name one major city that grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution.
London or Manchester
What two diseases were commonly linked to poor sanitation and contaminated water?
Cholera and tuberculosis.
What increased the food supply and helped population growth?
Agricultural improvements.
What happened to wages for many workers by the mid-1800s?
They began to rise.
Which class grew during the Industrial Revolution and included professionals and business owners?
The middle class.
Why did many people leave rural areas during the Industrial Revolution?
There was less agricultural work, so people moved to cities for factory jobs and higher wages.
What was a privy, and why was it a problem?
A shared outdoor toilet. Many houses had to share one, creating poor hygiene and contamination.
From 1800 to 1850, what percentage of people living in England and Wales lived in cities?
It increased from about 10% to 50%.
How did factories affect the production of goods?
They increased production and made manufactured goods cheaper and more widely available.
What percentage of the population owned no land by 1876?
95%.
What were two major problems caused by rapid urbanisation?
Overcrowding and poor living conditions/sanitation.
Why were cesspits dangerous to people's health?
They could leak human waste into water supplies, spreading diseases such as cholera.
By 1901, approximately what percentage of the population lived in urban areas?
About three-quarters (75%).
How could rising wages improve people's quality of life?
Families could afford better food, clothing and housing.
What was the average life expectancy of labourers compared with manufacturers and upper-class people in 1842?
Labourers: 19 years; manufacturers and upper classes: 44 years.
Explain how the Industrial Revolution changed Britain from a rural society into an urbanised one.
Agricultural improvements reduced the need for workers while factories created jobs in cities. People moved from rural areas to cities, causing urban populations to grow rapidly.
Compare quality of life before and during rapid industrialisation.
Before industrialisation, rural areas generally had cleaner air and less overcrowding, although people were poorer and had limited access to services. Industrial cities provided more jobs and opportunities but often had overcrowding, pollution, poor sanitation and disease.
Explain how agricultural improvements contributed to population growth and urbanisation.
Agricultural improvements increased food production and helped improve health, allowing the population to grow. At the same time, fewer agricultural workers were needed, encouraging people to move to cities for industrial jobs.
Explain one positive and one negative economic effect of industrialisation.
Positive: industrialisation created jobs, increased production and made goods cheaper. Negative: many workers faced low wages, dangerous work and poor living conditions, especially during the early stages.
How did industrialisation affect the gap between Britain's social classes?
It created new wealth and expanded the middle class, but it also widened the gap between rich and poor. Upper classes benefited from land and investments, while working-class people often experienced low wages, overcrowding and poor health.