5-7
Mix
Mix
a non-instructional setting for learning the language, such as at work or through daily life
What is natural acquisition setting? p114
errors are a natural and valuable part of the language learning process (140) Opposes "get it right from the beginning" because it is more important to develop fluency rather than accuracy.
An approach that emphasizes interaction as both a means and the goal of learning a new language. Focus on meaning.
What is Communicative language teaching? pg 140
the immediate repetition of all or part of another speaker’s utterance
What is imitation? Pg 169
explicit explanations PLUS comprehension practice VERSUS
explicit explanation PLUS production practice (164)
Learners with comprehension practice did better.
It is best with novices.
More advance learners may use it as a supplement to other instruction.
What is study 20: processing instruction? pg 143
The teacher's reformulation of all or part of a students' utterance, minus the error.
What are recasts? p. 125
the learner learns together with other FLLs or SLLs; the focus is on the language itself
What is instructional setting? p. 114
Lightbrown 1970s Pattern Practice Drill. "These findings privided evidence that an almost exclusive focus on accuracy and practice of particular grammatical forms does not mean that learners will be able to use the forms correctly outside the classroom drill setting, nor that they will continue to use them correctly once other forms are introduced" (139)
What is audio lingual pattern drill?
for beginning learners, the imitation and rote memorization that characterizes audiolingual approaches to language teaching is not effective if learners do not also use the sentences and phrases they are practicing in meaningful interaction.
What statement 1: Languages are learned mainly through imitation? pg 169
Conversational interactions PLUS comprehensible input=opportunities to negotiate for meaning (143)
What #3 Let's talk? (pg 143)
This type of feedback contains comments, information, or questions related to the correctness of the student's utterance, without explicitly providing the correct form.
What is metalinguistic? p. 125
The goal is to identify specific variables that may affect learning similarly in different environments.
What is experimental studies? p137
Savington 1972. 4 hours of audiolingual and 1 hour of special. Focus on practice and manipulation of grammatical forms. The communicative group scored significantly higher than the other two groups. (140)
What is Study 15: Grammar plus Communicative Practice? pg 140
Everyone agrees that learners who want to learn tend to do better than those who don’t.
What is motivation? pg 170
Accomplished through a variety of modifications such as requests for clarification or confirmation, repetition, etc. (144)
What is negotiation for meaning? pg 144
This type of instructional environment involves learners whose goal is learning the language itself, but the style of instruction places the emphasis on interaction, conversation, and language use, rather than on learning about the language.
What is communicative, content-based, and task-based? p. 116
reaction to grammar translation-leading students to actually speak the language. Based on behaviourism and contrastive analysis. Errors can become habits so we must prevent them. (137)
student's real experience is irrelevant.
Pure repetition
Krashen 1985 and 1989.(40) Comprehensible input. Listening and reading is the goal. Listening to tapes while reading along.
What is Just listen . . . and read? p. 140
____________is not liner it is u shaped. Leaners don't add one rule at a time.
What is language learning?
Patterns of interaction: collaborative, dominant-dominant, dominant-passive, expert-novice.
Types of interaction led to differences in learning outcomes.
Collaborative and expert novice learners retained the most L2 knowledge.
What is study 23: the dynamics of pair work? pg 146
This type of language acquisition takes place when the learner is exposed to the language at work or in social interaction or, if the learner is a child, in a school situation where most of the other children are native speakers of the target language and where the instruction is directed toward native speakers rather than toward learners of the language.
What is natural? p. 114
Grammar translation. Original purpose: help student read literature rather than develop fluency in the spoken language (pg. 137)
What is Get it right from the beginning? (pg 137)
Traheny and White 1993: Input flood used correct TL forms. However, could not avoid incorrect form transfer from S1.
Language input= positive evidence BUT does not =negative evidence.
What is Study 18: Input flood? (pg 142)
The best predictor of success in second language acquistion
What is motivation?
corrective feedback in which the more proficient speaker tells the learner while correcting an error that he or she has made a mistake
What is explicit correction?
In this type of instructional environment, the language is taught to a group of second or foreign language learners and the focus is on the language itself, rather than on the message carried by the language.
What is structure-based/grammar-based instructional environments? p. 115