Psychological Research
In Psychology, we care about the real meaning of effects demonstrated under ___________ controlled conditions.
strictly
The idea of ______________ is to see if the results obtained in the first study will be repeated in the next study.
replication
collaborative research effort in the field of psychology that aimed to address issues related to the replicability and generalizability of psychological research findings
Many Labs Project
“Torture DATA until, it confessess”
p-hacking
Leon Festinger's theory of ______________ focuses on the discomfort that arises when individuals hold conflicting beliefs or attitudes.
cognitive dissonance
________________ extend direct replication, for example, by recruiting more diverse additional samples.
Generalizing studies
Replication helps determine the impact of ______ ________ on the phenomenon under study, variables that were not considered in the original study.
confounding variables
______ _______ provides a standardized way to quantify the size or strength of the relationship or difference between variables. It helps researchers and readers understand the practical significance of a finding. In other words, it answers the question, "How big is the effect?"
Effect size
the process of recording the assumptions and methodology of a study before it is conducted
pre-registration
____________ is famous for its examination of the willingness of participants to obey an authority figure, even if it meant delivering what they believed to be harmful electric shocks to another person.
Stanley Milgram's obedience experiment
_____________________ extend direct replication, for example, by changing the experimental setting or study material.
Generalizing studies
When we change one (or more) elements in a study, for example: different stimuli (change from homogeneous to heterogeneous stimuli, or from non-social to social, etc.).
Replication with modification
_________ is an essential component of academic research that involves analyzing and summarizing existing scholarly articles and publications related to your chosen topic.
Desk Research or Literature Review
This is intended to ensure transparency and integrity in the conduct of research and to reduce the risk of publishing results that may be the result of errors or inaccuracies in methodology.
Pre-registration
Conducted by Philip Zimbardo in 1971, this controversial study explored the psychological effects of perceived power and authority.
Stanford Prison Experiment
Re-approaching an empirical study previously conducted by another psychologist and being reported in the literature.
Replication
When substantive aspects of the original study are transferred to the new version.
Conceptual Replication
______ _____ allows researchers to compare the results of different studies more easily. By using a common metric, researchers can assess the relative importance of findings from various experiments or investigations.
Effect size
Only a _______________ of respondents guarantees obtaining a representative sample. This gives the survey a high external validity ( the validity of the obtained research results)
random selection
It involves the learning of associations between stimuli and responses. The famous example is Pavlov's experiments with dogs, where he conditioned them to associate the sound of a bell with the arrival of food, leading to them salivating at the sound of the bell alone.
Classical conditioning
A group of participants in an experiment who do not receive the experimental treatment or manipulation. The ____________ is used as a baseline for comparison with the experimental group.
control group
The differences that occur between the studies can be attributed to the confounding variables (once they are identified) or to the __________________.
effect of random error variance
if we take large ___________ from the population, the averages of the samples will have a normal distribution, even if the population does not have a normal distribution
enough samples
Involves changing the hypothesis as soon as the researcher perceives that the results are different than originally expected.
HARKing
it's often depicted as a pyramid with different levels of needs, starting with physiological needs at the base (e.g., food, water, and shelter) and ascending to higher-order needs such as safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. This theory is often used to explain human motivation and the pursuit of personal growth and fulfillment.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs