when a community of scientists abandons one general theory of reality for another to account for anomalies
What is a paradigm shift
100
The position that there is no one way that reality is and that individual, societies, and conceptual schemes create reality
What is relativism
100
A general claim that functions as a rule for how to treat specific information in an argument
What is a major premise
100
A true proposition
What is a fact
100
The belief that a proposition is true because a large number of people believe it is true:
What is an appeal to the masses
200
A = A
What is the law of identity
200
The view that each individual creates their own reality
What is subjectivism
200
A cognitive act or process of deriving a conclusion from premises
What is an inference
200
A proposition that is believed to be true and is true but lacks justification
What is a true belief or opinion
200
Drawing a general conclusion about a group on the basis of relevant but insufficient evidence
What is a hasty generalization
300
Claims that are true by definition, i.e., analytically true.
What is logically necessary
300
The position that there is only one way which reality actually is and that it exists independently of our ways of representing it—but that it can be represented in different ways and these can be true as long as they are accurate
What is Realism
300
An inference in which, even if the premises are true, the conclusion is not necessarily true.
What is an invalid inference
300
A proposition that is believed to be true, is true, and has sufficient justification that it is true beyond a reasonable doubt
What is knowledge
300
Arguing that a claim is true or false on the basis of its origin
What is the genetic fallacy
400
claims about nature that violate the laws of nature/physics
What is physically impossible
400
The view that reality and any truth claims about it are constituted by consensus within social groups
What is social constructivism
400
An argument with true premises, a valid inference, and a necessarily true conclusion
What is sound
400
The point at which a proposition can be accepted as true because, although it has not been proved to be true with absolute certainty, it is no longer reasonable to question it.
What is "beyond a reasonable doubt"
400
A method of demonstrating the falsity of a premise or a position/viewpoint by showing that, if adopted, it leads to logical contradiction or absurdity
What is a reductio ad absurdum
500
Nothing can both have a property and lack it at the same time and in the same respect
What is the law of non-contradiction
500
The view that all observation is theory laden, produced by conceptual schemes, and that there is no neutral data
What is conceptual relativism
500
A generalization made about a group on the basis of a sample drawn from the group.
What is an enumerative induction
500
A proposition that is necessarily true and whose denial is unthinkable
What is a self-evident proposition
500
HARRY POTTER TRIVIA CHALLENGE: What fallacy is committed when Hermione questions how Luna Lovegood's father, Xenophilius, knows that the Resurrection Stone is real and Xenophilius responds, "Prove that it is not!"--to which Hermione responds with exasperation: "but that's...completely ridiculous! How can I possibly prove that it doesn't exist?" DOUBLE POINTS: What book???