you dont
protein
made w/ help of ribonucleic acid (RNA)
carries amino acids to ribosomes
substitution mutation
1 nitrogen base replaced by a different nitrogen base
DNA
genetic material that stores info for an organism to grow, maintain itself, and reproduce
types of nitrogen bases
adenine (a), cytosine (C), thymine(t), guanine (G)
RNA
-carries the codes for making proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
-single strand
made up of nucleotides
messenger (mRNA)
-carries coding sequence (transcription
insortion mutation
1 or more nitrogen bases are added to a DNA sequence
ex. AT, TA,CG
Traits
a feature passed from parent to offspring
genes provide the direction of a cell to put together molecules that express a trait
tRNA (anticodon)
pairs w/ a complimentary codon
ensures the appropriate amino acid is inserted into poly peptide
ribosomal (rRNA)
forms ribosomes (made of protein)
deletion mutation
1 or more nitrogen bases are left out of a DNA sequence
nucleotide
molecule made up of a nitrogen base +sugar+phosphate group
nitrogen bases form the rugs of the DNA ladder
Replication
a copy of a DNA molecule to make another molecule
Translation
makes protein from RNA (decoding)
RNA is transfered into a sequence of amino acids that make up protein molecules
transcription
make mRNA from DNA
mRNA nucleotide (U) pairs w/ DNA nucleotide (A)
Mutation
permanent change in the sequence of DNA
positive- benefitial to organism, negative-genetic disorder, neutral- no effect
replication pathway
strands separate>nitrogen bases are exposed>nucleotides move into place>forms new nitrogen base pairs>TWO identical strands of DNA are produced