Define
Racial Profiling
The use of race/ethnicity as grounds for suspecting someone of having committed an offence
Name 1 Pro and 1 Con for Proactive Police Practices
Pro: public safety // Con: Racial profiling, violations of basic civil rights
Black people are ____ with respect to police stop activity
Overrepresented
North American Police Officials no longer defend "stop and frisk" and "carding" as effective crime prevention strategies
FALSE -- North American police officials have come to increasingly defend “stop and frisk” and “carding as effective crime prevention strategies
What is Needed to Maintain a Healthy Police-Community Relationship?
To maintain a healthy police-community relationship, a more targeted, community-driven approach is required....The implementation of focused deterrence strategies is one possible solution....also Partnerships between the police and community can improve the transparency of law enforcement activity and provide local residents with both a voice and a role in crime prevention work
Carding
Stopping, questioning, and documenting of individuals when no particular offense is being investigated.
Majority of Black police officers admit that they themselves had been victims of racial profiling at some point during their careers and they often worked with officers who engaged in racial profiling and/or condoned the practice
What percentage were Black people the targets of all contact cards during the study period of 2003-2011?
25%
Research shows that police stop and frisk activities rarely uncover direct evidence of criminal activity
How can negative police stop and search experiences undermine the legitimacy of the entire criminal justice system?
It can lead to negative perceptions of the justice system and/or a lack of trust of the police .....1. People are less likely to report crime to the police, cooperate with police investigations, provide testimony in court and less likely to obey the law .....2. Some minority individuals may feel that they have to take personal responsibility for their safety by resorting to street justice
Proactive Investigations
Are police practices used to stop civilians, when no specific criminal event has occurred
What Two Racial Groups are More Likely to be Stopped and Searched?
African-Canadians & Aboriginals
Black people are how many times more likely to appear in contact cards?
3.1 times more likely
Black people are only stopped more than Whites because they are more likely to live or spend time in high-crime communities
FALSE -- Black people are even more overrepresented in contact cards collected in low-crime, predominantly White neighbourhoods
Name at Least 4 out of the 6 Social and Economic Harms That Stem From the Overrepresentation of Racial Minorities Within the Criminal Justice System
1. Economic hardship 2. Social stigmatization 3. Childhood trauma 4. Underdevelopment 5. Family dissolution 6. Poor physical and mental health