Biological Influences
_________ is the conceptual understanding that particular neural regions govern particular behaviors (ex: emotion) and/or cognitive processes (ex: memory).
Localization of brain function
________ are cognitive frameworks based on past experience and influenced by culture and upbringing that shape the way we think and process new information.
Schemas
Sociocultural, Biological, and Cognitive factors are all __________ for disorders.
explanations / etiologies
Noam Chomsky's ___________ theory claims that children are born with an innate capacity for acquiring language which he called an LAD (language acquisition device).
Universal Grammar
Stanley Milgram's Agency Theory, based on his "shock experiments", tested the willingness of naive participants to _______ a legitimate authority. Whereas Solomon Asch's line-matching, research paradigm tested the willingness of naive participants to ignore the evidence of their eyes and ________ to group pressure.
obey
conform
_________ are released by terminal buttons of a neuron and communicate across the synaptic cleft. _________ are released by glands of the body into the bloodstream and are slower and longer lasting in their influence.
Neurotransmitters
Hormones
________ refers to when a schema is slightly modified / updated to integrate new information with existing information. _________ is when a schema is replaced completely.
Assmiliation
Accommodation
The _______ is the classification and diagnosis guide published by the World Health Organization. The _______ is the classification and diagnosis guide published by the American Psychological Association.
DSM-V (Diagnostic and Statistica Manual)
ICD-!0 (International Classification of Diseases)
Howard Gardner's Theory of __________ has been ridiculed by the psychological scientists because it lacks _________.
Multiple Intelligences
Falsifiability / Scientific Evidence / Empirical Data
What is the difference between enculturation and acculturation?
Enculturation = how the cultural values of our society are transmitted and taught to us.
Acculturation = the strategies we adopt when adjusting to a new culture (Berry's Acculturation Model: Integration, Assimilation, Separation, and Marginalization).
___________ means the combination of ________ and ________ and explains how social and experiential factors can trigger innate predispositions.
Epigenetics
Genes
Environment
Diagram one model of memory:
Show your whiteboards!
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Exposure Therapy, and Counseling are all examples of ________ therapies, while antidepressants, antipsychotics, and invasive brain treatments are all examples of ________ therapies. The greatest treatment results have been found when a ________ approach is applied.
psychological / cognitive
biological
mixed-method / combination
Carol Dweck's ______ Theory identifies two patterns of thinking. 1) A __________ where children feel abilities are fixed at birth and everyone has a limited capacity for knowledge. 2) A __________ where children feel effort matters, challenges are enjoyable, and learning can lead to the growth of knowledge and abilities.
Mindset
Fixed-Mindset
Growth-Mindset
What are three main claims of Tajfel and Turner's Social Identity Theory?
- We tend to identify with groups by the mere fact of being associated with a group (social categorization).
- We tend to compare our group to other groups (social comparison).
- We tend to make biased comparisons (in-group bias), seeing our group as special (positive distinctiveness) and the out-group as generic (out-group homogeneity)
The four lobes of the brain are: the ___________ (associated with visual functions); the __________ (associated with touch and perception of sensory stimuli); the ___________ (associated with auditory and comprehension of speech functions); and the _______ (associated with higher order thinking functions, motor skills, and production of speech functions).
occipital lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
frontal lobe
The _________ describes schematic processing through two systems. System 1 relies heavily on __________ which are mental shortcuts to save cognitive energy. Over reliance on these can result in cognitive ________ which can lead to stereotypes, prejudice, and even behaviors like racial __________.
Dual-Processing Model
Heuristics
Biases
Discrimination
What is a culture-bound disorder? What are 4 examples of culture-bound disorders?
A disorder that is found in only some regions/nations of the world and may or may not appear in other places.
- Ataque de nervios (sudden onset of hysterical and nervous physiological symptoms)
- Amok (sudden rampage of killing and mayhem)
- Taijin Kyofusho (nervous disorder related to embarrassment about one's body and appearance)
-Shenjing Shuairo (physical and mental fatigue, irritability, and sleep disturbances)
Briefly outline Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development:
Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years old): Emergence of language, object permanence, motor functions are developing.
Pre-Operational Stage (3-6 years old): Tremendous growth of knowledge, grammatically correct language emergence, children are growing out of egocentricity, learning conservation skills, and developing a theory of mind.
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years old): Emergence of rational thought, empathy, and ability to perform concrete operations (ex: math problems).
Formal Operational Stage (12 years and up): Capacity for abstract thought, theorizing, and philosophizing.
What is Attribution Theory? What is the difference between a dispositional and situational attribution? What is actor-observer bias?
Attribution Theory explains how and why people attribute particular factors/reasons/causes for events.
Dispositional Attribution = you did something because of an internal character trait.
Situational Attribution = you did something because of the situation/context you found yourself in.
Actor-Observer Bias = I did something because of the situation, the other did something because of their disposition.
The _______ is a bilateral limbic regions that governs emotion and fear. The ________ is a seahorse-shaped structure that governs short-term to long-term memory transfer and retrieval and spatial learning. The _______ sits at the outer layer of the frontal lobe and governs decision-making, planning, and rational thought. The ________ is part of the mesolimbic pathway and governs the reward center of the brain. The _________ is responsible for signalling the pituitary gland to release stress hormones (cortisol, adrenaline).
amygdala
hippocampus
prefrontal cortex
nucleus accumbens
hypothalamus
A ______ is a prediction about the effect of something on a behavior or cognitive process. The ________ is what the researcher manipulates and needs to be compared to a _______ or placebo condition. The _______ is what the researcher measures or quantifies (the "effect"). ________ are unaccounted for factors that the researcher needs to try and eliminate.
hypothesis
independent variable
control
dependent variable
extraneous/confounding variables
Another word for addiction is __________ disorder. The 4 classifications of addictive substances are:
substance use disorder
-depressants (alcohol, barbiturates)
- stimulants (nicotine, caffeine, cocaine, meth)
- hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin mushrooms)
- opioids (heroin, codeine, morphine, oxytocin)
Albert Bandura developed ____________ Theory, based on his bobo dolls studies. The four processes Bandura identified in observational learning are:
Social Cognitive Learning
-Attention
- Retention
- Motor Reproduction
- Reinforcement
The 6 Cultural Dimensions in Geert Hofstede's Theory of National Cultures are:
Individualism vs Collectivism
Long-Term vs Short-Term Orientation
Power-Distance
Motivation toward Success (Masculinity vs Femininity)
Indulgence vs Restraint
Uncertainty Avoidance