PTSD
The three main etiologies (explanations) for PTSD are ____________, ____________, and ____________.
biological, cognitive, sociocultural
What are some criteria for major depressive disorder (clinical depression)?
Symptoms lasting more than 2 months
Low mood, sleep and diet irregularities, weight gain or loss, loss of interest in important/meaningful activities.
____ _____ refers to the subtle or direct influence of people your age on substance use behaviors.
Peer Pressure
Give two psychological treatments for PTSD:
Narrative Exposure Therapy
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
What is one cognitive explanation for depression?
Maladaptive attributions
Faulty/Distorted thinking
Negative self schemas
What are two treatments for addiction? Describe each briefly:
Aversion Therapy: coupling an addictive substance (ex:alcohol) with an aversive stimulus (antabuse which makes you vomit)
Self-Management Programs: for example 12-step programs that offer peer support in overcoming your addiction by acknowledging your wrongs and the ability of a higher power to heal your life.
___________ __________ explains how environmental factors trigger genetic vulnerability to PTSD.
Diathesis-Stress Model
________ deficiency is linked to depression but we do not yet know whether it is the _____ or ______ of being depressed.
Serotonin
Cause
Effect
What are the 4 categories of psychoactive drugs? Give one example of each:
Stimulants: caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamines
Depressants: alcohol, barbiturates, sedatives
Opiates: heroin, morphine, codeine, oxycontin
Hallucinogens: LSD, marijuana, psilocybin
How can cognitive schemas influence PTSD?
Much research has demonstrated a strong correlation between external locus of control (we are victims of the environment) and the development of PTSD symptoms compared with less symptoms in people with an internal locus of control (we have some control over our circumstances).
What is one psychological treatment for depression? Describe it briefly:
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is a common psychological treatments. It involves the therapist working with the patient to cognitively reappraise their distorted thinking, false attributions, and negative self schemas and then activate behaviors which reverse the symptoms of depression.
What is the difference between substance misuse and substance abuse?
Substance Misuse: using a legal or prescription drug in an incorrect manner or incorrect dosage.
Substance Abuse: an inability to stop using a substance no matter the consequences, which can result in a severe psychological and physiological dependence/addiction on the substance.
Why is PTSD in combat veterans (as opposed to other populations) a widely studied phenomena?
Banks of U.S. military data (demographic, genetic, biometric) are collected and can be made available to researchers.
Military veterans do not always have a choice as to whether their data is included in research.
Combat veterans experience acute stress and a percentage of them develop PTSD while a percentage of them do not.
SSRIs stands for ___________ and are commonly used to treat depression by _______ the ________ of ____________ into the __________ neuron.
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
blocking
reuptake
serotonin
pre-synaptic
What are the 6 ICD-10 criteria for a substance use disorder:
a strong desire to use the substance
persisting despite harm
difficulty in controlling use
a bigger priority given to the substance
evidence of tolerance
a withdrawal state