Cognitive Biases
The __________ bias/effect is the tendency to be overly influenced by the first piece of information we are given
anchoring
The theory developed by Elizabeth Loftus and others, that claims our memories are far less reliable and far more open to distortions and manipulations than we imagine, is called ________ ________ Theory.
Reconstructive Memory
Outsourcing our memory to the internet resulting in lower memory recall was studied by Sparrow, et al (2011) and is termed the _______
Google Effect
What is the variable that is measurable/quantifiable?
Dependent Variable
Selectively focusing on ("cherry picking") information that supports our existing opinions and beliefs, while ignoring information that does not, is called ____________.
confirmation bias
_______ _______ is the theory that claims memories of emotionally salient events are extremely clear and detailed.
Flashbulb Memory
Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014) studied note taking by ______ vs note taking by _________. There results were ________________________________.
hand vs. laptop
memory recall of facts was similar but deep processing (comprehension and critical thinking) was much better in the note taking by hand group.
What is the aim of the "marshmallow test" paradigm studies?
To investigate whether children are able to delay gratification (not eat the marshmallow for 5-10 minutes and wait for a 2nd marshmallow).
The "I knew it all along" phenomenon is called ____________.
Hindsight Bias
The ______ _______ Model developed by Kahneman and Tversky describes two systems of thinking.
System 1 is:
System 2 is:
Dual Processing
System 1: Fast, Intuitive, Unconscious, Biased. Optimistic, Automatic, Based on Feelings
System 2: Slow, Thoughtful, Deliberative, Based on Logic and Reasoning
How has the advent of the internet, and social media in particular, changed human cognition?
(Answers May Vary)
What were the independent variables (conditions) in Cohen's "Waitress and Librarian" study?
Condition 1: A story was read with the anchor that the woman's job was a librarian.
Condition 2: The same story was read with the anchor that the woman's job was a waitress.
Cognitive biases are also called ________ and can be useful as a "rule of thumb".
heuristics
Diagram Atkinson and Shiffrin's Multi-Store Model of Memory
Show Diagram
What is one cognitive bias that is social media driven?
Answers May Vary
(ex: Confirmation Bias keeps people in their echo chambers on social media. For example, YouTube's algorithm that keeps recommending more extreme content that reinforces a particular pattern)
What is the difference between a lab/true experiment and a correlational study?
Lab Experiment = random allocation of participants to conditions, takes place in a lab-like environment where extraneous variables can be controlled, can demonstrate cause and effect relationships between variables (IV and DV).
Correlational Study = No IVs or DVs, cannot demonstrate cause and effect relationships - only the strength of correlational relationships (correlational coefficient), allows researchers to analyze a large amount of data.
Assuming most people agree with our perspective is called the ________ ________ effect, while attributing exaggerated positive qualities (ex: intelligence or morality) based on superficial characteristics (physical beauty) is called the _________ effect.
false consensus
"halo"
Diagram Baddeley and Hitch's Working Memory Model:
Show Diagram
The cognitive revolution in psychology, beginning in the 1960's, assumed the human mind was like a computer and could be studied as such. To what extent do you agree with this view?
(Answers May Vary)
What is the difference between the null hypothesis and a research/alternative hypothesis? Why is the null hypothesis the default?
Null Hypothesis = the results are not statistically significant (P-value is greater than 0.05)
Research/Alternative Hypothesis = the results are statistically significant (P-value is less than 0.05)
Null Hypothesis is the default because you have to demonstrate that there is a 95% probability your results were not due to chance.