Core 1: Research Methodology
Define sampling. Provide an example.
The process of selecting a smaller group (sample) from a larger population to participate in a research study. E.g. Researcher wants to investigate the study habits of Year 12 students across NSW. A researcher selects 500 Year 12 students from across NSW to represent all Year 12 students.
Define the term 'Youth' and 'Rural and Remote Families'
Youth: People aged 15–24 years who are transitioning from childhood to adulthood.
Rural: Families living in rural or remote areas of Australia, often with limited access to services, employment, education, and healthcare.
Identify examples of two positive and two negative terminology to describe the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People.
Positive terminology:
1. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
2. First Nations peoples
3. Traditional Custodians
Negative:
1. Abo (offensive and derogatory)
2. Aborigine (when used as a noun)
3. Half-caste (offensive and outdated)
Explain ONE 'Preparations on Becoming a Parent and Carer' - Provide an example
Changing health behaviours (nutrition, physical activity, social or spiritual connection) e.g. cannot eat raw meat
Organising finances (budgeting, saving, support payments) e.g. accessing carers allowance or parental leave and saving a certain amount per paycheck.
Modifying the physical environment (housing, amenities, equipment) e.g. rails, bedding aid, non slip mats, child locks
Enhancing knowledge and skills (education, information and training) e.g. Tresillian or Carer Gateway offer courses on feeding, sleep schedules, self-care or prenatal classes on breastfeeding
Define software technology and provide two examples
Programs and applications that tell a computer or digital device how to perform tasks. E.g. applications, databases, websitessuch as Microsoft Excel, Adobe Photoshop, Zoom
Outline the sources of data obtained from individuals and groups + print and digital.
Individuals: Teacher, family, friends, neighbours, experts or specialist.
Groups: Professional organisations e.g. The Salvation Army or local councils
Print: Books, journals, magazines, newspapers
Digital: Internet, computer, TV, online publication e.g. ABS statistics, Google search
Justify two most significant needs for either Youth or Rural and Remote Families.
Youth
1. Education provides young people with the knowledge, skills, and qualifications needed for future employment, independence, and lifelong opportunities.
2. Sense of Identity - Developing a positive sense of identity helps young people build self-esteem, confidence, and resilience, supporting their mental wellbeing and decision-making.
Justify two most significant needs of the homeless.
1. Adequate Standard of Living (ASL)
Justification: People experiencing homelessness often lack access to basic necessities such as safe housing, nutritious food, clean water, and hygiene facilities. Meeting these needs improves their health, wellbeing, and ability to achieve long-term stability.
2. Safety and Security
Justification: People experiencing homelessness are at greater risk of violence, theft, abuse, and unsafe living conditions. Feeling safe and secure protects their physical and emotional wellbeing and allows them to focus on rebuilding their lives.
Select ONE type of parenting style, define it and provide an example situation of this style.
Authoritarian - Demanding and inflexible. In an emergency situation e.g. house on fire parent
Democratic - All members have a say in decisions. E.g. nursing home resident has a say in activities and food choices.
Permissive / Indulgent - Excessive leniency. Parent who has very few rules and limits.
Negligent - Failing to take proper care and meeting basic needs. Can be physical or emotional. E.g. Elder abuse or leaving child with others (relatives) for long periods of time.
Describe how mobile phone technology has developed over time.
Mobile phones have evolved from large devices used only for calls into smartphones that provide internet access, cameras, GPS, apps, and communication through calls, messages, and video conferencing.Become smaller, lighter and more portable.
1. Define case study + example
2. Outline two advantages and two disadvantages.
A case study is an in-depth investigation of a single individual, family, group, event, or community over a period of time to gain detailed information.
E.g. A researcher studies one family’s experience of caring for a child with autism to understand the challenges they face.
Advantages
1. Provides detailed information about the individual, family, group, or event being studied.
2. Develops a deep understanding of complex issues, behaviours, and experiences.
3. Uses multiple sources of data (e.g. interviews, observations, documents), increasing the richness of the information collected.
Disadvantages
1. Cannot be generalised to the wider population because it focuses on only one or a small number of cases.
2. Time-consuming to conduct, as it requires extensive data collection and analysis.
3. Can be expensive, particularly if the study is conducted over a long period or involves multiple methods of data collection
Explain how two resources can affect access to services for young people. Provide examples.
Knowledge: Knowledge about the service -> more likely to access. E.g. Kids Helpline
Money: Limited finances can prevent -> cost for transport and fees. E.g. Psychology appointment.
Energy: Young people with low energy due to responsibilities e.g. school, work, family, sport may find it difficult. E.g. YP experiencing anxiety or depression may have low energy to attend counseling or youth support program.
What is 'The Big Issue' and how do they assist in improving community attitudes towards the homeless?
A community organisation that enables people experiencing homelessness to earn an income by selling The Big Issue magazine.
Improves community attitudes by:
* Challenging negative stereotypes.
* Encouraging positive interactions with vendors.
* Raising awareness and reducing stigma surrounding homelessness.
1) Define social parent - Surrogacy
2) What is the difference between commercial surrogacy and altruistic surrogacy?
3) What is a social implication of surrogacy?
1) An arrangement between a couple who cannot have a baby and a woman gets pregnant on behalf of the couple with the intention of handing over the baby after birth.
2) Commercial is paid whereas altruistic mother does not make any profit.
3) Society has mixed views, very controversial area, many religions against it, community concerned that IVF is not available to gay couples
Discuss THREE factors that has impacted an individual’s access to and acceptance to technology. Provide examples.
* Age – Older adults may have lower digital skills. (e.g. difficulty using online banking.)
* Culture / Religion – Cultural values may influence technology use. (e.g. some communities limit social media use due to explicit content)
* Education – Higher education often improves digital literacy. (e.g. students learn to use online learning platforms.)
* Economic Status – Lower income can limit access to devices and internet. (e.g. unable to afford a laptop.)
* Disability – Some disabilities require assistive technology. (e.g. screen readers for people with vision impairment.)
* Geographical Location – Remote areas may have poor internet coverage. (e.g. slow internet affecting online learning.)
* Gender – Gender stereotypes may influence technology participation. (e.g. fewer females encouraged into STEM careers.)
Explain the difference between reliability and validity in research. Include an example of each.
Reliability refers to the consistency of research results. If the study were repeated under the same conditions, it should produce similar results.
Example: A researcher gives the same survey on teenage sleep habits to the same group of students one week apart and obtains very similar results. This demonstrates high reliability.
Validity refers to the accuracy of the research. It measures whether the research is actually measuring what it is intended to measure.
Example: A researcher wants to measure stress in teenagers but only asks questions about homework. Because stress can also come from family, friendships, sport, and work, the survey is not valid as it does not accurately measure overall stress.
Evaluate ONE type of services that meets the needs of Rural and Remote Families. Provide pros and cons
Royal Flying Doctor Service (RFDS) - Health
Pro: medical care in isolated / remote areas, emergency treatment, mental health, GP, dental, patient transfer
Con: Can be affected by weather conditions, delay treatment, ongoing care requires significant travel
Name one government policy and one government legislation that impact both Homeless and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People
Homeless
Policy: National Housing and Homelessness Agreement (NHHA)
Legislation: Housing Australia Act 2018 (Cth)
ATSI
Policy: Close the Gap
Legislation: Racial Discrimination Act 1975
Outline all three the responsibilities of parents and carers and provide examples for each.
1) Duty of care - The legal obligation to take reasonable care of their dependants health and welfare. E.g. Parents, teachers, police officers
2) Setting limits - Boundaries, rules and guidelines to help protect the child / keep them safe. E.g. family rules on meal times, bath times, bed times, curfews, respect, no hitting
3) Discipline - Being firm but not cold and consistent. E.g. Taking away privileges such as phone or not going to a party. Important to praise good behaviour and model good behaviour
Explain THREE issues related to information and communication technology (ICT) and how they can impact individuals.
* Privacy and Safety – Personal information may be shared without consent, increasing the risk of cyberbullying or identity theft.
* Security of Information – Weak passwords or data breaches can result in personal information being stolen.
* Accuracy of Information – False or misleading information online can lead to poor decision-making.
* Information Overload – Too much information can make it difficult to identify reliable sources or make informed decisions.
* Copyright – Using or sharing someone else’s work without permission is illegal and breaches intellectual property rights.
A researcher has finished collecting data about the effects of social media on teenagers’ mental health. Explain how the researcher would interpret research during the research process.
* Presenting research findings: Organise and communicate the data using tables, graphs, charts, written reports, or presentations.
* Analysing research results: Examine the data to identify patterns, trends, relationships, similarities, and differences.
* Drawing conclusions: Make evidence-based judgements about what the results mean and whether they answer the research question.
Explain how TWO characteristics of individuals within ONE group can affect their access to services. Provide an example for each.
Age: YP rely on parents to access services transport and permission. E.g. 15 yr old parent take to counselling app.
SES: low income families unable to afford services eg YP unable to access tutoring or psychologist.
First language spoken: Language barriers can make it difficult to understand information or communicate with service providers. E.g. completing Centrelink form
Identify ONE type of service that the homeless may require access to.
2) Outline what types of services that service offers in detail.
3) Evaluate the service - positives and negatives of the service.
Example: Accommodation - Crisis Accomodation Oasis - The Salvation Army
2) They offer 24 hour emergency accommodation, residents are provided four meals daily cooked onsite, staffed and have recreational programs such as sports, movies and design competitions. They also offer living skills dinner program teaching young people about nutrition and learning how to cook.
3) Positive: Offer a range of extracurricular programs. Negative: Only offered to those aged 21 years and under. Also these types of crisis accommodation usually only offer short term due to high demands.
Evaluate how Tresilian OR Carer Gateway meets the needs of families caring for a dependent.
Tresillian - Community org
Advantage: Provides parenting education, sleep and settling support, and child and family health services, improving parents’ confidence and child wellbeing.
Limitation: Families in rural and remote areas may have limited access to face-to-face services and may need to rely on online or telephone support.
Carer Gateway - Gov org
Advantage: Provides counselling, respite care, coaching, financial guidance, and practical support, helping carers manage stress and continue in their caring role.
Limitation: Some carers may be unaware of the service or have difficulty accessing support due to location, time constraints, or internet access.
Discuss TWO impacts of an emerging technology on individuals or society.
Ethics – AI may create privacy concerns or biased decisions.
* Equity and Access – High costs may limit access for some people.
* Health and Safety – Can improve healthcare but may increase screen time.
* Economic – Creates new jobs but may replace others through automation.
* Environmental – Can reduce emissions but increase e-waste.
* Education and Learning – Personalised learning and improved access to education.