Nomenclature & Naming
What is the IUPAC name of:
CH4
Methane
What functional group is present in alcohols?
Hydroxyl group
−OH
What are isomers?
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.
What products form during complete combustion of hydrocarbons?
Carbon dioxide and water.
What is the general formula for alkanes?
CnH2n+2
Name:
CH3CH2CH3
What functional group is present in carboxylic acids?
Carboxyl group
−COOH
State the three types of structural isomers studied in Module 7.
Write the balanced combustion equation for methane.
CH4+2O2→CO2+2H2O
What is the general formula for alkenes?
CnH2n
Name:
CH3CH = CH2
Prop-1-ene
Identify the functional group in:
CH3CHO
Aldehyde
−CHO
Explain the difference between chain and position isomers.
Chain isomers have different carbon skeletons.
Position isomers have the same carbon skeleton but the functional group is attached to a different carbon.
What is produced during incomplete combustion?
Carbon monoxide and/or carbon.
Examples:
CO or C
What is the general formula for alkynes?
CnH2n−2
Name:
CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3
2-methylbutane
Differentiate between aldehydes and ketones.
Aldehydes contain a carbonyl group at the end of a carbon chain.
Ketones contain a carbonyl group surrounded by carbons and therefore cannot occur at the end of a chain.
Give an example of two position isomers.
But-1-ene
and
But-2-ene
What type of reaction occurs when water is added to an alkene?
Addition reaction
Example:
Ethene + water → ethanol
Explain why alcohols generally have higher boiling points than alkanes.
Alcohols contain hydroxyl groups.
These form hydrogen bonds between molecules.
Hydrogen bonds are stronger than dispersion forces found in alkanes.
Therefore more energy is needed to separate molecules.
Name:
CH3CH(CH3)CH(CH2CH3)CH2CH3
3-ethyl-2-methylpentane
Classify each compound:
1. Alcohol
2. Aldehyde
3. Carboxylic Acid
4. Amine
Identify the type of isomerism between:
Functional group isomerism
Both have molecular formula:
C3H6O
but different functional groups.
Describe esterification.
Esterification is a condensation reaction between:
forming:
General equation:
Carboxylic Acid+Alcohol→Ester+Water
Arrange the following in order of increasing boiling point:
Heptane<Heptan−2−one<Heptan−1−ol<Heptanoic Acid
Intermolecular force strength increases:
Dispersion < Dipole-Dipole < Hydrogen Bonding < Strong Hydrogen Bonding (Carboxylic Acid Dimers)