Pathophysiology
There are various types of fractures, name 5 different types.
Oblique, occult, open, pathological, comminuted, spiral, greenstick, transverse, impacted, stress, closed
Disease in which the bone density and structure is impaired making it more porous, thinner and weaker?
What is Osteoporosis?
Important vitamin which can be provided by the sun or in tablet form to prevent fracture risk, particularly in the elderly?
What is Vitamin D
What are 3 signs and symptoms of frature?
Pain, unnatural alignment, swelling, muscle spasm, swelling, tenderness, decreased mobility or limb function, impaired sensation
Which gender is at higher risk of Osteoporosis and why?
Females
For a variety of reasons
Bones are classified according to their shape. Name 3 of the 4 types of bone in the human body?
What is
1. Long bones
2. Short Bones
3. Flat bones
4. Irregular Bones
Lateral deviation and/or rotation of the spine ?
What is scoliosis?
Analgesic which is the first point of call for pain relief?
What are the risk factors for Osteoporosis?
-Genetic: Family hx, female gender, increased age
-Hormonal /metabolic" Early menopause, hyperparathyroidism, obesity, cushings
-Dietary: low Calcium and Vit D, malabsorption, anorexia
-Lifestyle: Sedentary, smoker, alcohol consumption,
Drugs: Corticosteroids, heaparin, loop , methotrexate , directics
Common condition caused by defects in uric acid metabolism which leads to high levels of uric acid in the blood and body fluids?
What is gout?
The Musculoskeltal system has a variety of main functions within the human body, name 3.
1. Support the body structure
2. Protect internal organs
3. Provide voluntary movement
4.blood cell production
5.Mineral Storage
Life Threatening syndrome caused by severe muscle trauma which leads to the presence of myoglobinuria ?
What is crush syndrome?
Drug class which aims to reduce inflammatory mediator which are released when tissue is damaged?
What are Non-Steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) medications?
There are various topics a nurse must cover in a patient's musculoskeletal history collection. Name at least 5.
-Presenting problem
-Past health history
-Allergies
-Family history of musculoskeletal or other issues
-Current/ Past Medications including over the counter/herbal
-Smoking/alochol status
-Surgeries or other treatments
-Hospitalisations
-Social or cultural considerations
How many bones are there in the human skeleton?
What is 206?
The anatomical structure of a typical long bone such as the tibia can be divided into three main sections, what are these sections?
1. Epiphysis (widened area at the end of each bone)
2.Diaphysis (main shaft of the bone)
3. Metaphysis (Flared area between the above mentioned two areas)
Inflammatory joint disease which involves damage to the synovial membrane or cartridge?
What is arthritis?
What is Morphine?
The physical examination of the musculoskeletal system includes what nursing skills to be undertaken?
-Inspection
-Palpation
-Motion
-Muscle Strength test
-Assistive devices
Name the two most common complications of joint surgery?
1. Infection
2. Thromboembolism
How many stages of bone healing are there? How many can you describe?
1. Bleeding at broken ends with subsequent haematoma formation
2. Organisation of haemotoma into fibrous network.
3.Invasion of osteoblasts, lengthening of collagen strands and deposition of calcium
4. Callus formation, new bone built up as osteoclasts destroy dead bone
5. Remodelling accomplished as excess callus reabsorbed and trabecullar bone laid down
Chronic Inflammatory joint disease which is autoimmune in nature and is characterised by stiffening and fusion of the spine and sacroiliac joints.
What is ankylosing spondylitis?
Alkaloid found in chilli peppers which has been formulated into topical creams for the treatment of neuralgias and arthritic pain?
What is Capsaicin?
Nursing care of a patient with a cast or traction device includes various nursing actions for the patient. Name 5?
-Neurovascular assessments on the affected extremity
-Assess for clinical signs of compartment syndrome
-Teaching the patient and carer about cast care
-Monitoring the cast for flattening, denting, cracking
-Monitor skin integrity around the cast and at traction sites
-Position cast extremity at heart level
-Assist patient with passive and active Range of motion exercises
-Develop a plan to minimize pressure areas
-Assess the patient for complications eg. wound infection, DVT, constipation
-Ensure ADLs are attended to adequatley
What organism is the most common cause of infection?
What is Staphloccous?