Psychologists & Theories
Learners can do more when they have support from more knowledgeable supporters. This area exists between what learners can do by themselves and what they cannot do at all. What is this area called?
The Zone of Proximal Development
What is it called when a person sees something new for the first time and creates a new schema in their mind for it?
Accommodation
Which subfield focuses on physical, cognitive, emotional, social, and moral changes throughout a person's life?
Developmental Psychology
What is the idea of Universal Grammar & who proposed it?
Universal Grammar = children are born ready to learn language and children learn language in similar stages
Noam Chomsky
Which psychologist is responsible for the theory of the human psyche? What are the 3 parts of the human psyche?
Sigmund Freud
The id, ego, and superego
Explain one of the defence mechanisms.
repression - thoughts are pushed out of consciousness
denial - refusing to accept a situation
projection - reflecting one's thoughts/feelings onto others
displacement - redirecting emotional impulses from/toward one target to another
sublimation - redirecting inappropriate thoughts/desires/actions into socially acceptable actions
Which subfield focuses on observable behaviours?
How would psychologists in this subfield explain the reasons behind human behaviour?
Behaviourism
Humans behave the way they do to avoid consequences or gain rewards (behaviour is dictated by what results from that behaviour).
What type of internal conflict is it when a person must decide between two options, and both options have positive and negative aspects?
Double approach-avoidance
Which psychologist is responsible for the Theory of Cognitive Development? What is this theory?
Jean Piaget
The theory states that children go through 4 stages of universal development (all children develop cognitive abilities in the same order)
Which psychologist is responsible for the Psychosocial Development Theory? What is this theory?
Erik Erikson
People go through 8 stages of development, with each stage marked by a conflict that needs to be overcome for healthy psychological growth
Which subfield focuses on unconscious mental processes?
How would psychologists in this subfield explain the reasons behind human behaviour?
Psychoanalysis
People's unconscious motives or desires influence behaviour
Which schedule of reinforcement is best for generating a lot of responses and behaviours that are hard to stop?
Variable ratio reinforcement
Which psychologist is responsible for the theory of classical conditioning?
What are the 4 parts of this type of conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
Unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response
Which psychologist is responsible for the theory of operant conditioning?
When it comes to operant conditioning, what do positive and negative mean? What do reinforcement and punishment mean?
B.F. Skinner
Positive = adding something to someone's life
Negative = removing something from someone's life
Reinforcement = goal is to increase behaviour
Punishment = goal is to decrease behaviour
Which subfield focuses on the conscious mind?
How would psychologists in this subfield explain the reasons behind human behaviour?
Cognitive psychology
People's behaviour is dictated by what they pay attention to and how they process, interpret, and respond to external stimuli and language
What is stress? What are the two types/categories of stressors?
Stress is the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events (stressors) that we view as challenging or threatening
Physical stressors - experiences that affect the body
Psychological stressors - experiences that affect the mind
Explain one of the theories of attention we covered in class. Who is responsible for the theory and what does it say?
Donald Broadbent's Filter Theory - people have a 'filter' that only allows some sensory information into 'deeper parts of the brain' to be processed
Anne Treisman's Attenuation Theory - instead of the 'filter' blocking information, it reduces it
Michael Posner's Spotlight Theory - people pay attention to different parts of their environment at a time
Nilli Lavine's Load Theory - sensory information can be filtered early or late depending on what a person is doing
Which psychologist proposed the theory of Self-Actualization? How do people reach self-actualization?
Abraham Maslow
To reach self-actualization, people must first satisfy their deficiency needs
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs = physiological, safety, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization
Which subfield focuses on ideas of personal growth, self-awareness, and the meaning of life?
How would psychologists in this subfield explain the reasons behind human behaviour?
Humanistic psychology
People behave the way they do because they want to achieve their goals, reach their full potential, and live a meaningful life (be morally good, helpful, etc.)
What is the role of the limbic system?
Name 1 part of the limbic system and explain it's main role.
The limbic system = parts of our brain responsible for regulating emotions, behaviour, and higher-level functions
amygdala = memory consolidation & emotional processing
hypothalamus = pleasure and reward
pituitary gland = hormone production and excretion
hippocampus = learning and memory