Psychodynamic Psychology
What are the three states of consciousness?
Conscious Mind (ego), Unconscious Mind (Id), Preconscious Mind (Superego)
What was unique about Erikson's education/teaching career?
Never had a Bachelor's degree; yet he taught at Harvard and Yale
Last week, you received a speeding ticket. Today you drive through the same intersection and slow down. This is an example of what?
Operant Conditioning - punishment
What emerged as a result of the Kitty Genovese case in 1964?
The 911 emergency system.
Name the four main lobes of the brain.
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital
Explain the process for how Defense Mechanisms work.
One experiences anxiety and the mind increases problem-solving thinking. If that is unsuccessful, defense mechanisms may kick in.
Define schema/schemata.
When a child incorporates new information to an existing schema.
potential examples: children feel afraid in the doctor's waiting room having received a flue shot in a previous visit; advertisers use tunes to associate with their product
Define self-concept from the perspective of Humanism.
How one views, evaluates and/or thinks about themselves.
Name two potential causes for personality disorders.
parental upbringing, personality, social development, genetics, biological factors
What was Freud's interpretation of dreams?
Dreams are where one can act out suppressed/hidden desires (esp. sexual ones in nature) and served as a form of wish-fulfillment.
Describe an example of how accommodation works.
Potential example: A child learns the different characteristics of both zebras and donkeys to create two separate schemata for each.
Explain how the Skinner Box works.
Chamber/box with a pedal on a wall that releases food when pressed; Rat is rewarded with food which is the reinforcing stimulus; Rat will continuously press the bar
Define the Bystander Effect and what is another name for this phenomenon?
People are less likely to help in an emergency when they are in a large group of people; The Genovese Syndrome
Explain what the Somatosensory Cortex is responsible for.
Provides information regarding touch, pain, pressure and temperature.
One returns to acting like a child.
What are the key traits/behaviours/emotions during Middle Adulthood (Stage 7 of Psychosocial Development)?
Generativity - concerned with raising the next generation, contributing to society
Stagnation - realization that one's adulthood has been meaningless/unproductive
Define extinction in the context of behavioural psychology.
The diminishing of a conditioned response due to a lack of reinforcement.
Name the main concept Maslow pioneered and the 5 stages he proposed in its correct order.
Hierarchy of Needs; Physiological needs, Safety needs, Belongingness/Love needs, Esteem needs, Self-Actualization.
Name four psychological features/characteristics that are typical across all personality disorders.
low self-image, unsuccessful interpersonal relationships, inappropriate range of emotions, challenged impulse control, distorted perception of self and world.
According to Freud, what happens during the Latency Stage (6-12 years)?
Sexual behaviours/feelings are dormant, sexual energy is redirected to learning and developing other skills.
Describe one key behaviour/development in Stage 1 of Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development.
rooting; grasping; reflexes; repeating behaviours (circular); impact of behaviours on objects around them; object permanence; experimentation and creativity; symbolic thought; trial and error/problem solving
Describe ONE impact of behavioural psychology.
Mental Health - techniques assist anxiety/phobias/panic disorders;
Education - classroom management using rewards/punishments
Public Transit - Toronto Public Transit plays classical music to discourage loitering
Explain Bronfenbrenner's Ecological System Theory (its main argument) and name each of the systems.
An individual engages with five main systems, all of which can be examined for how the individual interacts with those environments; microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem.
Which lobe of the brain is primarily involved when one experiences love or attachment to a family member? Explain why.
Temporal lobe; responsible for processing emotional significance and retrieves emotional memories connected to that family member, strengthening those feelings