Identifications 1
What is the Columbian Exchange?
The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and diseases between the Americas and Europe following Christopher Columbus’s voyages (first one in 1492) to the Americas. Examples include the introduction of crops like potatoes and maize to Europe and the spreading of diseases like smallpox to the Americas.
What is the French-Indian War?
A conflict between Britain and France from 1754 to 1763, with Native American alliances on both sides, was primarily over control of North American territories. Fought mainly in the Ohio River Valley and other parts of North America, it was part of a larger global conflict, the Seven Years' War. The British victory ultimately led to the Treaty of Paris in 1763, reshaping colonial boundaries.
What is the Witchcraft craze?
A phenomenon in the late 1600s, in which colonists, mainly in MA, accused others, mainly women, of possessing supernatural powers. Fueled by fear, religious fanaticism, and social tension, many were killed with no just cause.
What is Mercantilism?
An economic theory practiced by European powers from the 16th to 18th centuries, including in the American colonies, that emphasized the role of colonies in enriching the mother country (Britain). It promoted government regulation of a nation’s economy to augment state power at the expense of rival nations, favoring exports over imports and seeking to accumulate wealth in the form of gold and silver.
What is the Mayflower Compact?
A social contract signed by the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in 1620 before they landed at Plymouth Rock. It established a rudimentary form of self-government and majority rule, laying the groundwork for democratic governance in the American colonies.
A conflict in March of 1770, where British troops stationed in Massachusets opened fire on colonists due to continued taunting, killing several and wounding more
What is the Boston Massacre?
What are the Spanish Colonial pursuits?
Gold, glory, god are the colonial pursuits of this country. They aimed to extract wealth, expand their empire, and spread Christianity across the Americas, the Caribbean, and parts of the Pacific. These pursuits led to the conquest of vast territories, the establishment of a hierarchical colonial society, and a global exchange of goods and diseases.
Name and describe the Southern colonies
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Founded in the early 1600s and 1700s, largely for economic opportunities (slightly safe havens). Demographics are English settlers, enslaved Africans, and indentured servants. Economics: agriculture, heavy cash crop societies (tobacco, indigo, and rice) built upon slave labor. Society: Strict class hierarchy. Religion: Mainly the Anglican church
An English philosopher whose ideas about natural rights (life, liberty, and property) and government by consent were highly influential during the Enlightenment and helped shape modern political philosophy. His ideas greatly influenced American revolutionaries and the writing of the Declaration of Independence. 1632-1704
Who is John Locke?
A Puritan minister who founded the colony of Rhode Island in 1636, in New England. He advocated for religious freedom and the separation of church and state. Williams was expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his beliefs. 1603-1683
Who is Roger Williams?
What are the Coercive Acts?
Four laws imposed by Britain in 1774 to punish the MA colonists for protesting and facilitating the Boston Tea Party.
Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, and the Quartering Act.
What are the Dutch colonial pursuits?
This country focused on trade, especially in fur, and created settlements around profitable trade routes. Their colonies were characterized by a relatively tolerant society with a focus on commerce rather than religious conversion or permanent settlement.
Name and describe the Middle colonies
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Founded by a mix of Dutch, Swedes, and English settlers, with an economy based on farming, trade, and craft industries. It was religiously tolerant, home to Quakers, Catholics, Jews, and others, and had a more socially flexible structure than its neighbors.
This final and decisive battle of the American Revolutionary War was fought in 1781 in Virginia. British General Cornwallis surrendered to American and French forces, effectively ending the war and securing American independence.
What is Yorktown?
What is the Battle of Saratoga?
A turning point in the American Revolutionary War fought in 1777 near upstate New York. The American victory convinced France to enter the war on the side of the Americans, providing critical military and financial support.
Horatio Gates: American general
John Burgoyne: British general
In 1675-1676, this war was fought between Native Americans (Wampanoag, Nipmuck, Pocumtuck, and Narragansett) and Puritan colonists in southern New England. Sparked by tensions over land and colonial expansion, it almost pushed the colonists out of New England.
What is King Philip's War?
What are the French colonial pursuits?
Sought to build a vast fur trade network and maintained friendlier relations with Native Americans. Their colonies were less focused on large-scale settlement compared to English colonies, which were aimed at establishing permanent communities
Name and describe the New England colonies
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. Settled primarily by Puritans seeking religious freedom, had a homogenous population of English settlers. Economy: based on small farms, trade, and shipbuilding, and a society centered around tight-knit, religious communities.
Must answer 200-400 first! How did those pursuits differ from the English pursuits?
Broad answer: England sought to gain wealth through trade, agriculture, and natural resources, while following the mercantilist idea that colonies existed to benefit the mother country. Many settlers also came for religious freedom, escaping persecution and hoping to build new communities based on their faith. Politically, England aimed to expand its empire and compete with other European powers for influence and control. Socially, the colonies offered a fresh start and the chance for upward mobility that was hard to achieve in England. Strategically, they provided naval bases and protection against rival nations.
Must answer 200-400 first! How did the colonies differ from each other?
Broad answer. The New England Colonies, such as Massachusetts and Rhode Island, had a cold climate, rocky soil, and dense forests, which made large-scale farming difficult. Instead, they focused on shipbuilding, fishing, trade, and small family farms. Society there was strongly influenced by Puritan beliefs, leading to strict religious practices and close-knit communities. The Middle Colonies, including New York and Pennsylvania, had fertile soil and a moderate climate that supported larger farms growing grains like wheat, earning them the nickname “the breadbasket colonies.” They were also known for their religious tolerance, cultural diversity, and busy trade centers like Philadelphia and New York City. In contrast, the Southern Colonies, such as Virginia and South Carolina, had warm weather and rich soil ideal for plantation agriculture. Their economy relied on cash crops like tobacco, rice, and indigo, as well as on enslaved labor to sustain large plantations. Society in the South was more spread out and hierarchical