Readying for Reformation
In the early 1500’s this Christian Humanism emerged. This religious thought is best described as:
A focus on the individual and celebration of human achievement through education.
The Protestant Reformation was truly started by a man named Martin Luther, a monk and religious teacher, who:
Wrote his 95 Thesis criticizing the Catholic Churches sell of indulgences and posed his writing on the church doors. The 95 Thesis was copied and copies were distributed and his works spread all over Germany resulting in the reformation movement and the Christian Church’s refusal of papal authority.
John Calvin, inspired by Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation, developed his own ideas on religion and went on to publish:
The Institutes of the Christian Religion wherein he stated men and women were sinful by nature and cannot earn salvation. Instead, he argues that God selects very few to save and his choices are predetermined or predestined. The religion that formed based on his teachings is called Calvinism.
Gothic
of or in the style of architecture prevalent in western Europe in the 12th–16th centuries, characterized by pointed arches, rib vaults, and flying buttresses, together with large windows and elaborate tracery.
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attitudes, activities, or other things that have no religious or spiritual basis.
The Chinese developed movable type in 1045 but the language had so many characters the method never took off. However, at the time of the renaissance:
Johann Gutenberg developed the printing press and completed the first book-- the Gutenberg Bible in 1455. This invention gave many people access to books. Printers began printing religious works but moved to include secular works such as travel guides and manuals.
Upon Luther’s refusal to “take-back” his remarks against the Catholic Church, the Roman Emperor issued the Edict of Worms, stating:
Luther was a heretic. It said no one could give Luther food and his books were to be burned.
John Calvin was asked to lead the city of Geneva, Switzerland by using his ideal form of government, Theocracy. Under this government:
all members of society attend religious classes and follow strict rules regarding dress and lifestyle Anyone who broke these strict rules was punished and anyone who preached anything contradictory to the Calvinist view might be burned at the steak. Some regarded Geneva at this time to be an ideal city of moral citizens.
Crusade
a medieval military expedition, one of a series made by Europeans to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries.
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relating to or denoting the Church of England or any Church in communion with it. |
The renaissance brought many changes to society. Notably,:
Information more readily available which inspired a new desire for learning. Individuals published maps and charts led to new discoveries and people began to understand the law and their rights and people began questioning political and religious structures.
Following the German Peasant revolt wherein Luther instructed the German Princes to act swiftly and without mercy, the Roman Emperor stepped in to unify the German feudal states. He gathered the German Princes together resulting in:
The Peace of Augsburg that allowed each ruler to decide the religion of his state.
Pope Paul III had a council of cardinals investigate the selling of indulgences and other corruption in the church and used the Inquisition to find heretics within in territory. Most importantly, he summoned:
The Council of Trent; a group of Cardinals that met to issue a series of statements that reasserted the Church’s authority over the interpretation of the bible, claiming that stating Christians needed Faith and good works for salvation, not just faith as Luther had preached, declaring the Bible and Church tradition were equal in Christian life, and finally ordering that Indulgences were a valid expression of faith but the future sale of indulgences was banned.
Vernacular |
the everyday language of people in a region or country |
Indulgences
a payment to the Catholic Church that purchased an exemption from punishment (penance) for some types of sins.
King Phillip stood his ground against the Pope over the issue of Church officials paying taxes. This was significant because:
It set a precedent of Monarchy standing up to the Church Leadership and set the stage for reformation.
Henry the 8th was married to Catherine of Spain and felt she could not bear him a male heir. The pope at the time would not grant Henry a divorce in the Catholic Church. In response, Henry:
Called Parliament into session to pass laws to end the Pope's power in England. Parliament legalized Henry’s divorce from Catherine and he secretly married Ann Boleyn. Parliament required the people of England to take an oath stating they recognized his divorce and that Henry was the head of the church in England.
Calvinist believed in predestination. A term that means:
the divine foreordaining of all that will happen, especially with regard to the salvation of some and not others. It has been particularly associated with the teachings of St. Augustine of Hippo and of Calvin.
Magna Carta |
"Great Charter"-- a document guaranteeing basic political rights in England, drawn up by nobles and approved by King John in 1215 C.E.
Jesuits
a member of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order of priests founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Francis Xavier, and others in 1534, to do missionary work
The Bubonic Plague weakened view on the authority of the Church because:
Church Officials began to deny last rights to infected Catholics. Also, the Church was unable to save people from the plague. Even Church officials were affected.
When Henry died his son, Edward, reigned first but was constantly sick, Mary took his place. She was the daughter of Catherine and returned England to the Catholic Church. After Mary, Ann Boleyn’s daughter Elizabeth took the throne. Under Elizabeth’s reign:
England returns to Protestantism and set up the Church of England known as the Anglican Church. She established a society that welcomed religious peace.
Amish and Mennonites. They also heavily influenced the Quakers and the Baptists.
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a medieval association of people working at the same occupation which controlled its members wages and prices
Protestant
a member or follower of any of the Western Christian churches that are separate from the Roman Catholic Church and follow the principles of the Reformation, including the Baptist, Presbyterian, and Lutheran churches.