Transcription & Translation
True or False: DNA is made of nucleic acids while RNA is made of amino acids
False
both are nucleic acids, amino acids make proteins, the difference is DNA=deoxyribose and RNA=ribose
True or False: Silent mutations are the most impactful mutations to proteins because they often go unnoticed.
False
Silent mutations cause no change in the protein
True or False: The two identical double helixes resulting from DNa Replication are made up of one "new" strand and one "old" strand.
True
True or False: Differential Gene Expression is the difference in the amount and type of gene being expressed
True
True or False: The movement of O2 and CO2 between the air and the blood is dependent on active transport AND osmosis.
False.
The movement of O2 and CO2 between the air and the blood is dependent on DIFFUSION.
Small nonpolar gases DO NOT need active transport
Osmosis is the movement of WATER
What MUST be present for transcription to occur?
a. general transcription factors
b. gene specific transcription factors
c. euchromatin
d. gene specific repressors
e. all of the above
f. a, b, and c only
f. a, b, and c only
Which property of the genetic code allows for bunnies to glow?
a. universal
b. non-overlapping
c. unambiguous
d. redundant
a. Universal
What are the most potent cells in the body?
a. multipotent adult stem cells
b. embryonic stem cells
c. skin cells
d. no cells in the body are potent
b. embryonic stem cells
(totipotent then pluripotent then multipotent)
Which is an example of smooth muscle?
a. cardiac muscle
b. facial muscle
c. esophageal muscle
c. esophageal muscle
(no control over peristalsis)
What triggers the release of Cholecystokinin (CCK) which then triggers the release of Bile from the Pancreas?
a. stretching of the stomach when food enters
b. when hydrochloric acid (HCl) is detected in the small intestine
c. when proteins and fats are present in the stomach
d. it is only released to aid in digestion of the left-over carbs in the stomach
c. when proteins and fats are present in the stomach
Anti-Codons are found in ___ molecules, and their function is to ____
tRNA molecules; bring amino acids to the polypeptide chain
The ribosome will fall off of the mRNA molecule when it reaches ___ codon.
STOP codon
(UAA, UAG, UGA)
DNA Replication occurs during the ____ phase of the cell cycle.
S phase.
G1 phase the cell is growing S phase DNA Replication G2 phase Mitosis Prep M phase Mitosis
____ cells in the adult human body constantly divide throughout their cell life cycle.
Multipotent stem cells
Proteins are chemically digested in the ____.
Stomach and Duodenum (small intestine)
What is the overall purpose of transcription and translation?
The purpose is to read the DNA instructions and make an RNA copy that can be used to create the proteins that are necessary for the cell.
What is the difference between conservative and non-conservative mutations?
Non-Conservative mutations change the amino acid to one that has different characteristics so the protein will likely bind and fold differently and not be useful.
What process during the cell cycle is necessary to limit the mutations causing cancerous cells from spreading?
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
Explain the form and function of the Extracellular Matrix.
The Extracellular Matrix is a long, spindle-like web that provides structure and stability for the connected cells.
Where do O2 and CO2 enter and exit the blood?
O2 enters the blood at the capillaries in the lungs.
CO2 enters the blood at the capillaries in the tissues.
CO2 exits the blood at the capillaries in the lungs.
O2 exits the blood at the capillaries in the tissues.
Why are errors made during transcription less problematic than errors made during replication?
Because during transcription many RNA molecules are being made so the individual mutations will have less of an impact and they only affect the proteins being made in that cell whereas replication errors affect the daughter cells as well.
If a single DNA codon reads GAT what is the complementary tRNA anticodon for the mRNA molecule?
GAU
DNA: GAT mRNA: CUA tRNA: GAU
What are the lifetime effects of mitosis on the chromosomes?
Each time mitosis occurs the telomeres of the chromosomes shorten slightly because of the lagging strand synthesis which causes one to show more signs of old age.
Why are some epithelial tissues arranged in a single cell layer?
They are specialized in this way to allow for the movement of molecules into a new tissue layer.
What is the primary function of the small intestine and how are villi and microvilli involved?
The small intestine is responsible for the majority of nutrient absorption. Villi and microvilli increase the surface area so that can happen more effectively.