Transcription & Translation
True or False: Differential Gene Expression is the difference in the amount and type of gene being expressed
True
True or False: Silent mutations are the most impactful mutations to proteins because they often go unnoticed.
False
Silent mutations cause no change in the protein
True or False: The two identical double helixes resulting from DNA Replication are made up of one "new" strand and one "old" strand.
True
True or False: All macromolecules are completely digested by enzymes in the stomach by gastric acid
False
True or False: The movement of O2 and CO2 between the air and the blood is dependent on active transport AND osmosis.
False.
The movement of O2 and CO2 between the air and the blood is dependent on DIFFUSION.
Small nonpolar gases DO NOT need active transport
Osmosis is the movement of WATER
What MUST be present for transcription to occur?
a. general transcription factors
b. gene specific transcription factors
c. euchromatin
d. gene specific repressors
e. all of the above
f. a, b, and c only
f. a, b, and c only
Which property of the genetic code allows for bunnies to glow?
a. universal
b. non-overlapping
c. unambiguous
d. redundant
a. Universal
What are the most potent cells in the body?
a. multipotent adult stem cells
b. embryonic stem cells
c. skin cells
d. no cells in the body are potent
b. embryonic stem cells
(totipotent then pluripotent then multipotent)
Which kind of muscles are responsible for the movement of food through the digestive system?
a. cardiac muscle
b. skeletal muscle
c. smooth muscle
c. smooth muscle
(no control over peristalsis)
Which of the following can contribute to changes in blood pressure?
a. viscosity of blood
b. volume of blood
c. size of blood vessels
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
d. all of the above
Viscosity refers to the stickyness of blood
Volume of blood can change based on hydration level, blood loss, diseases
Different blood vessels have different diameters and wall thickness which contributes to differences in blood pressure
Anti-Codons are found in ___ molecules, and their function is to ____
tRNA molecules; bring amino acids to the protein chain
The ribosome will fall off of the mRNA molecule when it reaches ___ codon.
STOP codon (UAA, UAG, UGA)
*no amino acid is added*
DNA Replication occurs during the ____ phase of the cell cycle.
S phase.
G1 phase the cell is growing, the S phase is completing DNA Replication, the G2 phase prepares for mitosis, and the M phase Mitosis, G0 is the phase where differentiated cells stay and don't divide anymore
Proteins are chemically digested in the ____.
Stomach and Duodenum (small intestine)
Blood located in the pulmonary artery is high in CO2 and low in O2.
What is the overall purpose of transcription and translation?
The purpose is to read the DNA instructions and make an RNA copy that can be used to create the proteins that are necessary for the cell.
What is the difference between conservative and non-conservative mutations?
Conservative mutations change the amino acid but it changes to one with similar chemical characteristics so the protein behaves similarly.
Non-Conservative mutations change the amino acid to one that has different chemical characteristics so the protein will likely bind and fold differently and not be as useful.
What process during the cell cycle is necessary to limit the mutations that cause cancerous cells from spreading?
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
Why are some of the epithelial tissues in the digestive system arranged in a single cell layer?
They are specialized in this way to allow for the movement of molecules into a new tissue layer.
Ex. allowing the absorption of nutrients in the digestive-circulatory system
Where do O2 and CO2 enter and exit the blood?
O2 enters the blood at the capillaries in the lungs.
CO2 enters the blood at the capillaries in the body tissues.
CO2 exits the blood at the capillaries in the lungs.
O2 exits the blood at the capillaries in the body tissues.
Why are errors made during transcription less problematic than errors made during DNA Replication?
Because during transcription many RNA molecules are being made the individual mutations will have less of an impact and they only affect the proteins being made in that cell whereas replication errors affect the daughter cells as well.
If a single DNA codon reads GAT what is the complementary tRNA anticodon for the mRNA molecule?
GAU
DNA: GAT mRNA: CUA tRNA: GAU
What are the lifetime effects of mitosis (cell division) on the chromosomes?
Each time mitosis occurs the telomeres of the chromosomes shorten slightly because the lagging strand cannot be fully copied.
Explain the structure and function of the villi and microvilli in the small intestine.
Villi and microvilli are small finger-like projections in the small intestine that allow for more efficient nutrient absorption into the circulatory system because of the increased surface area that they create.
Explain the different aspects of RBCs (Erythrocytes) that make them unique compared to other cells in the body.
They contain hemoglobin which allows them to carry O2 and CO2, proteins on the surface of RBC determine blood type, have no nucleus, and live for 120 days