Atoms VS. Molecules
Compare and contrast ions and isotopes
isotopes: an atom that has gained or lost neutron(s); same charge as atom, different mass.
ions: an atom that has gained or lost electron(s); same mass as atom, different charge.
List the monomers of all 4 biomolecules.
Lipid: fatty acids
Nucleic Acid: nucleotides
Carbs: sugar (glucose)
Protein: amino acids
Which organelle packages and sends proteins to where they function in the cell (like a post office sorting mail)?
Golgi Apparatus
What are the differences between Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic: uses oxygen, happens mostly inside the mitochondria, creates ATP efficiently
Anaerobic: no oxygen, can only happen in the cytosol, inefficient ATP creation
How much DNA is in each cell (length)?
Aprox. 2 meters
Are inter or intramolecular bonds stronger?
intramolecular bonds are stronger
How do the phospholipids choose to arrange themselves in the cell membrane and what does that tell us about their characteristics?
They line up so the tails are touching each other not water while the heads are on the outside in contact with water. This tells us that the tails are hydrophobic and the heads are hydrophilic.
What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?
Endocytosis is a vesicle bringing a large molecule into the cell.
Exocytosis is a vesicle releasing a large molecule out of the cell.
What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in Aerobic Respiration?
They donate Hydrogen atoms released from the breakdown of Acetyl CoA to the Electron Transport Chain.
Why can so much DNA fit in a cell?
DNA is wrapped around proteins that fold and compact the DNA molecules.
What is meant by "water has a high specific heat"?
Water is able to absorb a lot of energy in the form of heat, before changing physical state from solid to liquid to gas.
What part of an amino acid determines what characteristics the protein will have?
R-Side Chain
What function(s) do the plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton have in common?
Both create the cells structure and allow signals and materials to be transported within and between cells.
How does ATP Synthase make ATP from ADP and a Phosphate?
It is a turbine that uses the energy of the H+ ions following their concentration gradient.
What are the DNA base pairs? Identify which are purines, which are pyrimidines, and what their
binding partners are in DNA.
Adenine (purine)------------Thymine (pyrimidine)
Cytosine (pyrimidine)-------Guanine (purine)
What 4 terms are most important when describing atoms.
Charge, Mass, Electronegativity, and Complementary Properties
What is the chemical reaction that joins monosacharrides and amino acids as they build polymers?
An anabolic reaction that increases the complexity of the polymer.
Compare and contrast active and passive transport.
Active Transport: requires energy (ATP), moves things against the concentration gradient
Passive Transport: no energy required, moves things with the concentration gradient
Both: can use protein channels to move things
Why is Oxygen necessary for Aerobic Respiration of glucose?
Oxygen is responsible for accepting the electrons from the Electron Transport Chain. Without this happening the Mitochondria would shut down by no longer allowing Pyruvate in.
If a DNA molecule contains 20% Adenine how much Cytosine do we know is in the DNA molecule?
20% A means 20% T
40% A and T means 60% C and G
half of the 60% is C and half is G (half is 30%)
What kind of bond exists between complimentary base pairs in DNA and also within the 3D folded forms of proteins?
Hydrogen Bonds
What components make up the "fluid mosaic" of the plasma membrane?
Carbohydrates, Cholesterol, and Proteins
What structural element of the endomembrane system facilitates constant communication and change between the organelles in
the system?
Phospholipid bilayer surrounding each organelle.
If someone is not ingesting Carbs (ie. Keto Diet), how would ATP be created?
The body would begin breaking down lipids (body fat) and proteins (muscles) in that order to create ATP.
Write the complemtary strand of DNA to
3'-TTGACCTGAGCAT-5'
5'-AACTGGACTCGTA-3'