Respiratory System
What structure in the lungs has tiny air sacs surrounded by capillaries where oxygen enters the blood?
Alveoli
What blood vessel type carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart?
Arteries
What organ breaks down food into molecules that can enter the bloodstream?
Small intestine
Which system receives information from the environment and sends messages to the body?
Nervous system
Which system gives the body structure and protection?
Skeletel System
Name the gas that humans inhale that is needed by cells for cellular respiration.
Oxygen
Which part of blood carries oxygen to body cells?
Red blood cells (hemoglobin)
Where in the digestive system do most nutrients enter the bloodstream?
Small intestine
What do hormones do in the body?
Communicate signals using chemicals to control body processes (hormones)
Which system enables the body to move?
Muscular system
Explain in one sentence how air travels from the outside to the alveoli.
Air enters thru nose or mouth → trachea→ bronchi→ bronchioles→ alveoli
How does the circulatory system help remove the waste product carbon dioxide from cells?
Blood picks up CO2 from cells and carries it back to lungs to exhale
Explain how food becomes usable energy for cells (short answer mentioning glucose).
Food broken into glucose which cells use in cellular respiration to make energy
A patient has trouble thinking clearly and feels very tired. Which two systems might be affected and why? (Short answer)
Nervous and respiratory (or all systems) because lack of oxygen affects brain and body; accept answer explaining systemic effects
How do the skeletal and muscular systems work together to allow movement? Include one example.
Muscles attach to bones and pull them to create movement (e.g., biceps contract to lift forearm)
Why does the respiratory system work closely with the circulatory system? (Short answer)
Because oxygen moves from lungs into blood, and blood transports it to cells
A person has very low red blood cell production (aplastic anemia). Explain why they might get headaches.
Fewer red blood cells → less oxygen to brain → headaches
Describe how the digestive and circulatory systems work together to fuel cells.
Digestive system breaks food into nutrients → nutrients enter blood in small intestine → circulatory system transports them to cells
Explain how the nervous system and endocrine system can both influence heart rate.
Nervous system sends fast signals to change heart rate; endocrine releases adrenaline which increases heart rate
What might happen to a person if some of their heart muscle is damaged?
Explain the order of organization : heart dies, heart cells die, circulatory system is unable to function and the person dies, heart tissue dies. Number these 1–4 in correct sequence.
1 = Heart cells die, 2 = Heart tissue dies, 3 = Heart dies, 4 = Circulatory system unable to function and human dies
Describe what would happen to cells if the respiratory system could not supply oxygen for several minutes.
Cells cannot perform aerobic respiration → energy shortage → cells die → organ failure over time
Describe the path oxygen takes from the alveoli to a body cell, naming the structures involved (capillaries, heart chambers, major vessels).
Alveoli → pulmonary capillaries → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → arteries → capillaries at target cell
Give two examples of what could happen to the body if the digestive system could not absorb nutrients.
Malnutrition, low energy, impaired growth, organ dysfunction
Describe a scenario where a problem in the endocrine system causes symptoms that affect multiple organ systems; explain the chain of effects.
Example: Overactive thyroid → high metabolism → increased heart rate, weight loss, fatigue; affects circulatory and digestive systems
Predict what could happen to other organ systems if the muscular system weakened significantly (short explanation).
Reduced mobility → less blood flow, decreased respiratory efficiency, slower digestion, reduced ability to respond to environment