Piaget's Stage Theory
The stage that spans the 7 - 11 year age group
Preoperational stage
The prenatal period where the fetus is susceptible to toxins
Embryonic period
Key feature of longitudinal methods
They compare the same groups at multiple time points
An inference is
An idea that logically follows from facts in the statement and/or commonly accepted knowledge
The 1st two weeks after conception are known as
The germinal period
The 4 major stages of cognitive development are characterized by
Differing thought processes
Maturation refers to
Biologically determined changes that follow an orderly sequence
The purpose of cross-sectional methods
It compares groups of different ages at the same time
A weakening argument is
A piece of information that makes a statement less likely to be true by contradicting or disproving a premise of the statement
The three styles of infant-caregiver attachment
Secure; Anxious ambivalent; Avoidant
Conservation during the concrete operational stage refers to
Awareness that physical quantities remain constant despite changes in shape or appearance
This happens if a key experience does not occur during a critical time period
The function may not develop or be fully developed
Sequential methodology is best used to
reduce cohort effects
The 5 Watson-Glaser critical thinking skills are
Assumption; Interpretation; Argument (strengthening/weakening); Deduction; Inference
This is characteristic of a rooting reflex
A touch on the cheek induces the infant to move its mouth toward the source of the touch
Key features of the formal operational stage
Abstract logic and reasoning develops & concepts can be applied across contexts; the adolescent engages in thoughts about their identity & social/moral issues
Effect of teratogen alcohol on the fetus
It can cause fetal alcohol syndrome (occurs if mother consumes alcohol during pregnancy). Effects: physical abnormalities and learning disabilities
One pro and one con of a cross-sectional method
It is useful for assessing age differences; Not useful for assessing age change
Signal detection theory (what, 4 outcomes)
A method to measure the ability to differentiate between information-bearing patterns and random patterns that distract from the information; Hit, Miss, False Alarm, Correct Rejection.
The intellectual process used in the statement “all 4 legged animals are viewed as cats”
Assimilation
The inability to understand conservation results from these 3 basic flaws in preoperational thinking
Centration (tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem)
Irreversibility (inability to envision reversing an action)
Egocentrism (limited ability to share another person’s POV)
Genie's case (who, what, how)
A girl who was isolated until the age of 13; her syntax never made it to normal levels. It supports the notion of critical time periods, especially for language
This methodology is used to examine the progress and well-being of children at critical age periods
Longitudinal method ( same group, different time periods)
An example of the 3 stages of shaping required in the Sniffy experiment (unconditioned stimulus?)
Stage 1: reward when Sniffy stands (30 times)
Stage 2: reward standing at back wall (30 times)
Stage 3: reward standing in centre of back wall (30 times)
US: food/reward
The use of __ allows children to handle new information and situations
Cognitive schemas (Assimilation & Accommodation)