Piaget
A child that struggles to see another's point of view
Egocentrism
The idea of giving more support to a learner at the beginning and gradually taking them away as the learner progresses.
Scaffolding
Infants learn hope when their basic needs are fulfilled
Trust vs. Mistrust
Branching
Teenagers search for and become their true selves
Identity vs. Role Confusion
The principle that certain properties (ex: mass, volume, quantity) remain the same despite changes to the form of the objects.
Conservation
The inner circle of the Zone of Proximal Development
Things I can do own my own
Toddlers learn independence and how to exercise their will
Autonomy vs. Shame + Doubt
The shrinking and death of synapses that are no longer used/needed
Pruning
Young adults form close relationships and can start to marry and have children
Intimacy vs. Isolation
This stage in Piaget's theory is where we develop higher-level thinking skills like abstract thought and hypothetical reasoning.
Formal Operational
Things I can do with support
Children find a purpose in exploring and playing
Initiative vs. guilt
Failure to provide for a child's basic physical and/or emotional needs
Neglect
Middle-aged adults care for and nurture things that will outlive them
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Julie has been sword fighting in the yard with Charlie.
Preoperational
According to Vygotsky, these are the people who can offer support in the Zone of Proximal Development.
Older peers or adults
Children learn to be productive and feel competent through success
Industry vs. Inferiority
The chemical that promotes bonding between humans
Oxytocin
Adults in late adulthood evaluate their lives and want to share their wisdom with others
Integrity vs. Despair
Leland enjoys solving logic puzzles, but when his mom gave him a hypothetical logic puzzle to solve the other day, he just couldn't answer it.
Concrete Operational
The outermost ring in the Zone of Proximal Development
Things I cannot do, even with suppoprt
Jacob's mom encourages him to play with bugs and explore the outdoors
Initiative
Critical Period
Marlene has a problem wetting the bed and every time it happens they yell at her
Shame + Doubt